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Week 10 > digestion and absorption > Flashcards

digestion and absorption Flashcards

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1
Q

measures taken to help the public with a balanced diet

A

traffic light system
break down into diagrams

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2
Q

carbohydrate function

A

energy source

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3
Q

carbohydrate source

A

bread, pasta, rice, cereals, potatoes

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4
Q

protein function

A

growth and repair

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5
Q

protein source

A

meat, fish, dairy, lentils, nuts, seeds, tofu

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6
Q

fat/ lipid function

A

long term energy store; insulation

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7
Q

protein source

A

meat, cheese, cream, fish, nuts, avocado, coconut

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8
Q

vitamins function

A

vitamin specific
A - vision
C - antioxidant
D - Ca absorption

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9
Q

vitamin source

A

examples are also vitamin specific
A - liver, sweet potato
B - vegetables
C - citrus
D - only fish/ sun

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10
Q

mineral function

A

mineral-specific
Ca - bone mineralisation
Fe - oxygen transport

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11
Q

mineral source

A

mineral specific
Ca - milk
Fe - red meat
K - bananas

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12
Q

fibre function

A

effective bowel function

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13
Q

fibre source

A

plants (fruit, vegetables, nuts, cereals)

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14
Q

water function

A

hydration

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15
Q

what are the different types of dietary fats

A

fatty acids
phospholipids
cholesterol

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16
Q

fatty acids info

A

saturated/ unsaturated
saturated source: animal foods (meat, dairy)
unsaturated: mainly from plants (rape seed, nuts..)

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17
Q

phospholipids info

A

sex hormones
bilayer
bile salts

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18
Q

cholesterol info

A

2 fatty acid chains, glycerol, phosphate group
plants + animals (dairy, palm)

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19
Q

what does eating too many fats lead to

A

atherosclerosis (MI, stroke)
obesity - risk factor for many other conditions

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20
Q

what are the 9 essential amino acids

A

phenylalanine
valine
tryptophan
threonine
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
leucine
lysine

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21
Q

carbohydrates - monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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22
Q

carbohydrates - disaccharides

A

sucrose = glucose + fructose
maltose = glucose + glucose
lactose = glucose + galactose
joined by glycosidic bond

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23
Q

carbohydrates - polysaccharides

Study These Flashcards
A

more tan 10 monomers typically
starch: amylose linear
amylopectin branched
A 1 -> 4 glycosidic bond
A 1 -> 6 beta 1,4 linkage in branched

24
Q

carbohydrates - fibre

Study These Flashcards
A

plant cell walls -> cellulose
beta 1,4 linkage
large straight chains
cannot be digested

25
digestion definition
the process by which food is broken down into components simple enough to be absorbed in the intestine
26
where are enzymes for digestion secreted
glandular cells in mouth chief cells in stomach exocrine cells in pancreas enzymes bound to the apical membrane of enterocytes
27
salivary secretions
where: parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands - moistens food - starts the digestion of carbohydrates (a-amylase) starts the digestion of lipids (minor: lingual lipase)
28
stomach structure in digestion
start of protein digestion chief cells: secrete pepsinogen parietal cells: HCl secretion - denatures proteins - activates pepsin (=endopeptase) these cells are present in the pits in the epithelium of the stomach lining
29
what is a zymogen
zymogens are inactive precursors that are subsequently activated by cleavage of one/ a few specific peptide bonds - the inactive precursor is called a zymogen (or a proenzyme) - e.g. pepsinogen (inactive) -> pepsin (active) - prothrombin -> thrombin
30
role of pancreas in digestion
exocrine: pancreatic juice (enzymes and alkali secretions endocrine: secretion of insulin + glucagon
31
examples of zymogens
trypsin -> proteins ( + other proteases) chymotrypsin (proteins) carboxypeptidase (proteins) elastase (proteins (elastin)) phospholipase (phospholipids)
32
examples of non-proteolytic enzymes
a-amylase (starch) lipase (triglycerides) ribonuclease (RNA) deoxyribonuclease (DNA)
33
role of the liver in digestion
produces and secretes bile - emulsification stored in gallbladder (released into duodenum) micelles
34
what are bile salts
synthesised from cholesterol ->cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid conjugated to amino acid (glycine or taurine) -> secreted amphipathic (contain both hydrophobic (cholesterol)/ hydrophilic faces (amino acid conjugate) detergent action on dietary fat -> ^ SA for digestion
35
what are the functions of fat salts
emulsification of lipid aggregates solubilisation and transport of lipids in aqueous environment
36
what are the three sections of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
37
what is the function of the duodenum
mixing secretion from pancreas, liver and duodenum with food neutralisation of stomach acid (HCl) pepsin inactivation further digestion absorption
38
what is the function if the jejunum
completing breakdown nutrient absorption
39
what is the function of the ileum
nutrient absorption
40
what are brush border enzymes
integral part of the membrane (not free in lumen) peptidases lactases sucrase maltase
41
what do chief cells secrete
secrete pepsinogen
42
what do parietal cells secrete
HCl - denatures proteins activates pepsin (= endopeptase)
43
what is mastication
mechanical digestions, moistens food
44
what is a bolus
broken down and moistened food
45
digestion in the mouth
carbohydrates - primary digestion - starch broken down by a-amylase to maltotriose, maltose and a-limit dextrin proteins - nothing lipids - lingual lipase present but minor contribution
46
what is chyme
food that is being churned in the stomach with gastric juice
47
digestion in the stomach
carbohydrates - nothing proteins - primary digestion - HCl denatures proteins + activates pepsin - endopeptidase that cleaves proteins to smaller peptides lipids - gastric lipase present but minor contribution
48
digestion in the duodenum
CARBOHYDRATES a-amylase further digests starch brush border disaccharides (maltase, sucrase, lactase) = monosaccharides PROTEINS cleaves by trypsin (activates other enzymes), chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases produces increasingly smaller peptides/ dipeptides brus border peptides produce dipeptides/ amino acids LIPIDS pancreatic juice digests lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids phospholipase digests phospholipids to lysolecithin + fatty acids
49
explain passive absorption
slow needs conc. gradient or charge gradient
50
explain facilitated transport
slightly faster involved membrane carrier controllable
51
explain active transport
uses energy fast uses membrane carrier controllable
52
explain formation of micelles
formed in the lumen with the aid of bile salts water soluble
53
explain absorption of lipids
micelles formed diffuse to the apical brush border epithelial cells - contents released and diffuse down their conc. gradient into the cell if the fatty acid chains are short they diffuse directly into the bloodstream everything else in chylomicrons - move to basolateral membrane and exit via exocytosis - too large to enter vascular capillaries so are secreted into lymphatics carried to thoracic duct empties into the bloodstream`
54
explain the activation of pancreatic zymogens
enterokinase -> trypsinogen -> trypsin -> all others
55
explain the process of absorption of monosaccharides
glucose + galactose - Na/ glucose transporter -> SGLT1 - Na+/K+ pumps on basolateral membrane shovel out Na+ molecules to create a conc. gradient (maintaining) GLUT5 facilitated transport protein for fructose GLUT2 out of the cell
56
explain the absorption of amino acids
similar to monosaccharides Na+ dependent amino acid transporters Na+/ K+ pump maintains the Na+ gradient in the cell dipeptides/ tripeptides - cotransport with H+ - further digested inside the cell facilitated diffusion basolateral membrane

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