Digestion And Absorption Vocab

Question 0

Egestion

Answer 0

Passing out of food that has not been digested as faeces through the ANUS (usually fibre)
NOT excretion, NOT waste products/toxic materials

Question 1

Ingestion

Answer 1

Taking in substances eg. food/drink into the body through the mouth

Question 2

Digestion

Answer 2

The breaking down of large, insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph

Question 4

Small intestine

Answer 4

Region for absorption of digested food

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

Movement of digested food molecules into cells of body where they are used, becoming part of the cells

Question 6

Alimentary canal

Answer 6

(7m) route taken by food in digestion & absorption

Question 7

Salivary glands

Answer 7

Secrete saliva into mouth

Question 8

Bolus

Answer 8

Ball of chewed food created by tongue to push to back of mouth easily

Question 9

Oesophagus

Answer 9

Tube connecting throat to stomach

Question 10

Peristalsis

Answer 10

A wave of muscle (longitudinal and circular) contractions - anywhere; push food from behind (relaxation at front)

Question 11

Mucus

Answer 11

Fluid used to lubricate, protect and moisten passages in digestive system

Question 12

Cardiac sphincter

Answer 12

Ring of muscles to close off a passage at the esophagogastric junction

Question 13

Describe the processes of chewing

Answer 13

MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Incisors cut food
Canines tear/cut food
Premolars and molars grind food

Question 14

Mouth function

Answer 14

(Salivary glands) Secretes saliva (slightly alkaline, contains mucus)
Mechanical digestion (teeth chew/cut food for swallowing + increase surface area for enzyme action)
Ingestion
Chemical digestion (saliva contains AMYLASE for breakdown of starch to maltose

Question 15

Oesophagus function

Answer 15

Secretes mucus

Consists of longitudinal and circular muscles - antagonistic pairs (peristalsis)

Question 16

Stomach function

Answer 16

Secretes gastric juice via walls of stomach (contains mucus, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, PEPSIN (protease))
Chemical digestion (HCl) 
Mechanical digestion - churning

Question 17

Duodenum (small intestine) function

Answer 17

Secretes mucus, bile from gall bladder (emulsified fats to increase surface area for enzyme action) + pancreatic juice, LIPASE, TRYPSIN, AMYLASE, bicarbonate
Chemical digestion (+ peristalsis)

Question 18

Ileum (small intestine) function

Answer 18

Secretes mucus
Enzymes include PROTEASE (proteins/polypeptides = amino acids), sucrase (sucrose-glucose/fructose), maltase (maltose-glucose), erepsin (polypeptides-amino acids), lactase (lactose-glucose)
Main absorption site of nutrients eg. products of enzyme action (glucose, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol) + reabsorbs water
Peristalsis

Question 19

Colon (large intestine) function

Answer 19

Secretes mucus

Reabsorption of water

Question 20

Rectum (large intestine) function

Answer 20

Secretes mucus

Egestion (stores faeces)

Question 21

Anus

Answer 21

Egestion

Sphincter to regulate removal of faeces

Question 22

Fat

Answer 22

An energy storage substance

Question 23

Liver

Answer 23

Insulin - causes liver to absorb more glucose + convert to glycogen (chain of glucose monomers)-storage
Glucagon- causes liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose + release into bloodstream
Excess amino acids in blood in liver DEAMINATED (removal of amino group) - rest of molecule used in respiration/stored as fat/carbohydrate (energy release)
Deamination forms ammonia (soluble gas - very toxic) converted to urea - removed during urination
Liver detoxifies alcohol + other poisons/drugs eg. paracetamol (site of breakdown of alcohol and other toxins)
Breaks down hormones

Question 24

Capillary

Answer 24

Blood vessel - very thin walls

Question 25

Artery

Answer 25

``` Blood vessel (generally*) leading oxygenated blood away from the heart to organs and tissues around the body *exceptions eg. pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood) ```

Question 26

Veins

Answer 26

``` Blood vessel (generally*) carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart *exceptions eg. pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood) ```

Question 27

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 27

Joins gut and liver - all blood/substances in gut are detoxified before entering circulation

Question 28

Deamination

Answer 28

Removal of amino group from amino acids to form ammonia - highly toxic soluble gas Liver changes to urea - 100 000x less toxic (?)

Question 29

Amino group

Answer 29

Nitrogen containing part of amino acid

Question 30

Excretion

Answer 30

Removal of waste products from metabolism via urination or respiration