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Flashcards in Digestion and Circulation Deck (52)
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1
Q

What is a Herbivore?

A

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material for the main component of its diet. PLANTS!

2
Q

Define Carnivore.

A

Is an organism that derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of animal tissue, whether through predation or scavenging. ANIMALS!

3
Q

What is an Omnivore?

A

Is an animal that can derive its energy and nutrients from a diet consisting of a variety of food sources that may include plants, animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. EVERYTHING!

4
Q

What is a Suspension feeder?

A

Any aquatic animal, as a sponge or clam, that feeds by straining and extracting food particles and small organisms from the water.

5
Q

What is a Substrate feeder?

A

Organism that lives on their food source. Ex. lice (live on the skin and feed off skin , termites live in wood and feed off wood), caterpillars, maggots and fruit

6
Q

What is an Fluid eater?

A
Fluid feeders are organisms that feed on the fluid of other organisms. It can refer to:
Hematophagy, feeding on blood
Nectarivore, feeding on nectar
Plant sap feeders
Leeches
7
Q

What is a bulk feeder?

A

Ingest large pieces of food. Ex: Boa constrictors eat mouse whole.

8
Q

Evolution of digestion:

A

Simplest form is the food vacuole (i.e. sponges)
Next moving to extra-cellular digestion (i.e. gastrovascular cavity of cnidara)
Next moving to a digestive tract with two openings (i.e. earthworm)
Finally the appearance of specialized digestive compartments. (i.e. humans, birds)

9
Q

How does digestion start?

A

Digestion begins by breaking down carbohydrates using enzyme amylase and mechanically breaks down the other food groups.

10
Q

Digestion in the stomach:

A

Stomach is an area for storage, the start of protein digestion starts in the stomach. The hormone gastrin helps regulate secretion of HCI. HCI (hydrochloric acid) and pepsinogen (from pepsin) break down and churn the food in the stomach. The mucus lining protects the stomach from its acidic environment otherwise it would eat itself. The stomach creates an chyme (soup) from the bolus that is slowly released into the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter. Stomach takes 2-6 hours to fully empty (time depends on fat content). Only water, alcohol and a few drugs can be absorbed by the stomach.

11
Q

Where does the majority of digestion take place?

A

The majority of digestion takes place in the small intestine. All four types of nutrients: carbs, proteins, nucleic acids and fats are digested and absorbed in the small intestine. The small intestine has three parts: duodenum, Jejunum and the ileum. Liver bile, pancreatic enzymes and gall bladder with the liver releases juices into the duodenum to aid digestion.

12
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

Produces fluids that neutralize chyme and also digestive enzymes. Duodenum also produces digestive enzymes. Info about enzymes: http://www.holistic-wellness-basics.com/digestive-system-enzymes.html

13
Q

What is the role of the liver?

A

The liver produces bile that is stored in the gallbladder. Bile emulsifies fats–allows for digestion.

14
Q

Where does the majority of absorption take place?

A

Majority of absorption takes place in small intestine. Villi located on the intestinal walls absorb nutrients from food. Nutrient absorption of amino acids, sugars, fatty acids and glycerol go into the epithelial cell. Amino acids go into the blood capillaries. Fatty acids and glycerol enter into the lymph vessels. (Folding of the intestinal walls indicate absorption.)

15
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

The large intestine reabsorbs water and feeds bacteria that give us biotin, folic acid, several B vitamins and vitamin K. The organ is responsible for collecting waste not digested in the small intestine. This organ stores waste until it is ready to be ejected from the body, and is made of various sections including the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Left over chyme not absorbed enters large intestine and becomes feces. The rectum holds the feces until nature calls.

16
Q

What is xylem?

A

Is a transport tissue in vascular plants that conducts water up from the roots. Roots ->Stems -> Leaves. Can only move water upwards.

17
Q

What is phloem?

A

The vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products (i.e. carbs and amino acids) from the leaves to other areas like leaves and roots of the plant for storage. The phloem can move up and down. In osmosis, the phloem has a low concentration of water. Leaves->Stem->Roots and other areas of the plant for storage.

18
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

Bulk flow is the process by which proteins with a sorting signal, travel to and from different cellular compartments. Ex: Maple Syrup because the tree takes sugar and brings it to the bark or Molasses.

19
Q

What is the cohesion tension theory?

A

The hypothesis used to explain how water can travel upwards against gravity in a plant. Transpiration is believed to play a large factor in this, where the cohesive water travels upwards replacing water lost. (Cohesion has to do with the Hydrogen Bonds holding water together. Tension is the evaporation of water out of the stomata).

20
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers. Leaf surfaces are dotted with pores called stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomata are bordered by guard cells and their stomatal accessory cells (together known as stomatal complex) that open and close the pore. Transpiration occurs through the stomatal apertures, and can be thought of as a necessary “cost” associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants, changes osmotic pressure of cells, and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots.

21
Q

What is tension?

A

Tension is the evaporation out of the stomata.

22
Q

What is the pressure flow theory?

A

A high concentration of organic substance inside cells of the phloem at a source, such as a leaf, creates a diffusion gradient (osmotic gradient) that draws water into the cells. Movement occurs by bulk flow (mass flow); phloem sap moves from sugar sources to sugar sinks by means of turgor pressure, also known as hydrostatic pressure. A sugar source is any part of the plant that is producing or releasing sugar. During the plant’s growth period, usually during the spring, storage organs such as the roots are sugar sources, and the plant’s many growing areas are sugar sinks. The movement in phloem is bidirectional, whereas, in xylem cells, it is unidirectional (upward).

23
Q

What are circulatory systems in animals?

A

Blood, blood vessels and heart.

24
Q

What are the roles of the circulatory system?

A

The role of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients from the digestive system. Waste and toxic substances, distributes hormones, regulates body temperature, prevents blood clots and supports immune system function.

25
Q

What is Atrium?

A

A chamber, used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. There is a right atrium that receives the deoxygenated blood and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood.

26
Q

What is a Ventricle?

A

In the heart, a ventricle is one of two large chambers that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The atrium (an adjacent/upper heart chamber that is smaller than a ventricle) primes the pump. Very muscular smooth muscles (no control).

27
Q

What are arterioles?

A

They are small arteries. An arteriole is a blood vessel that branches off from an artery. Small amount of smooth muscle.

28
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

A capillary bed is a concentration of capillaries (one cell thick) which supply blood to a specific organ or area of the body. No smooth muscles. Where diffusion occurs. This is where the exchange of CO2 and O2 occurs. Pick up and drop off system of waste.

29
Q

What are venules?

A

Small veins, especially ones collecting blood from the capillaries and carries it to the vein.

30
Q

What are veins?

A

A vein is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood from various regions of the body to the heart. (varicose veins occurs when there is a weakened valve in the leg.

31
Q

Human Heart?

A

Right side of the heart (smaller side) is for pulmonary circulation.
Left side of the heart (larger side) is for systemic circulation.
Cardiac cycle- alternating contractions of the atria and ventricles.
Systolic pressure-ventricle contractions. Flow of blood out.
Diastolic pressure-resting state.
Blood pressure: Systolic/Diastolic
Atrioventricular valves- the open valve for blood to flow from atrium to ventricle.

32
Q

What are antrioventricular valves?

A

Either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles; prevents return of blood to the atrium.

33
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

The semilunar valves (SV) are two valve structures that sit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta. The flaps of the valves open and close to allow the unidirectional flow of blood out of the heart, while preventing backflow of blood.

34
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Heart is relaxed. AV valves are open.
  2. Atria contract
  3. Ventricles contract. SV valves are open.
35
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

A medical device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating rhythm of the heart.

The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate, either because the heart’s natural pacemaker is not fast enough, or there is a block in the heart’s electrical conduction system.

36
Q

What is the function of the blood vessels?

A

The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the human body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the arteries, which carry the blood away from the heart; the capillaries, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart.

37
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Capillaries leak due to the high pressure they are under. Interstitial fluid bathes the cells.
Because of the diameter of the capillaries cells move single file. Capillaries also pick up the waste products. Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that pass blood from the arteries into the veins. They are very small, the largest being about 10 micrometers in diameter. Their walls are thin which allows materials to pass into them. Different types of capillaries exist and perform different functions for the body. Primarily, however, they are able to profuse the tissues of the body with needed oxygen and important nutrients supplied by blood. Not all capillaries have blood in them. They open and close in response to the need of the tissue.

38
Q

Lymph system:

A

Closely associated with circulatory system.
Removes excess fluid leaking from capillaries.
Transports fats.
Important in the immune system.

39
Q

What is plasma?

A

Blood plasma is the pale-yellow liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body’s total blood volume. It is the intravascular fluid part of extracellular fluid (all body fluid outside of cells). Cells are 45% of the total blood volume.
Link: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/basics/whatisblood.html

40
Q

Blood clotting

A
  1. Platelets adhere to exposed connective tissue
  2. Platelet plug forms
  3. Fibrin clots and traps blood cells
41
Q

What is Translocation?

A

The movement of fluid in the phloem.

42
Q

What are source cells?

A

Any cell that produce sugars and pump them into the phloem.

43
Q

What are sink cells?

A

Any cells that do not make enough sugars for their own growth and metabolism and must import them from the phloem.

44
Q

A link to understand Pressure Flow in a plant:

A

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp36/36020.html

45
Q

Link to Transpiration:

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGCnuXxbZGk

46
Q

Link to Circulatory Musical Quiz:

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2iVqTckmPQ

47
Q

Link to the Digestion System:

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08VyJOEcDos

48
Q

Link to Digestive System Description:

A

http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/biobk/BioBookDIGEST.html

49
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node?

A

The sinoatrial (SA) node is a section of nodal tissue that is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. The SA node is also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart. Sets the rate of contraction for the heart. Spontaneously contracts and generates nerve impulses that travel throughout the heart wall causing both atria to contract.

50
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node?

A

AV delays the signal 0.1 Second.

51
Q

Fibrillation?

A

Uncoordinated heart beat.

52
Q

Stem Cells?

A

Pluripotent cells that can differentiate.