Digestion & Nutrition Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Structures that chew and grind food
A
Teeth
2
Q
Carries food from the mouth to the esophagus
A
Pharynx
3
Q
Muscular organ that contains taste buds
A
Tongue
4
Q
Carries food from the pharynx to the stomach
A
Esophagus
5
Q
Enlarged section of the alimentary canal
A
Stomach
6
Q
Receives bile and pancreatic juice
A
Duodenum
7
Q
The final section of the small intestine
A
Ileum
8
Q
Absorbs water and remaining nutrients
A
Large intestine
9
Q
Storage area of indigestibles
A
Rectum
10
Q
Stores and concentrates bile
A
Gallbladder
11
Q
Glandular organ behind the stomach
A
Pancreas
12
Q
Name the four sections if the colon.
A
Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
13
Q
What separates the mouth from the nasal cavities?
A
The hard palate
14
Q
What substance in saliva starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?
A
Salivary amylase
15
Q
What prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing?
A
Uvula
16
Q
What closes over the esophagus when swallowing to keep food out of the respiratory tract?
A
The epiglottis
17
Q
What is the rhythmic, wavelike involuntary movement that keeps things moving through the digestive system?
A
Peristalsis
18
Q
What separates the mouth and the nasopharynx?
A
The soft palate
19
Q
What keeps food in the stomach until it’s ready to enter the small intestine?
A
The pyloric sphincter
20
Q
The middle section of the small intestine
A
Jejunum
21
Q
In the small intestine, ____ complete the digestion of proteins and _____ /_____ aids in the digestion of fat.
A
peptidases; steapsin; lipase
22
Q
What closes after food enters the stomach to prevent food from reentering the esophagus?
A
Cardiac Sphincter
23
Q
The gastric juices in the stomach contain what two substances?
A
Hydrochloric acid and enzymes
24
Q
What are the folded mucous membranes of the stomach called?
A
Rugae
25
When food mixes with saliva, what is it called?
Bolus
26
When bolus is in the stomach, what is it converted to?
Chyme
27
Where does most digestion and absorption occur?
The small intestine
28
This substance emulsifies fats.
Bile
29
Capillaries in ____ absorb digested nutrients and carry to them to the ___.
villi; liver
30
What picks up digested fat and carries it to the lymphatic system?
Lacteals
31
The small projection in the cecum is called?
The vermiform appendix
32
What two types of vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine?
B complex and Vitamin K
33
Cholesterol is produced by the?
Liver
34
Painful, dilated or varicose veins in the rectum/anus are called?
Hemorrhoids
35
The presence of stones in the gallbladder is called?
Cholelithiasis
36
What type(s) of hepatitis is/are preventable by a vaccine?
A and B
37
What type(s) of hepatitis is/are transmitted by food or water by the feces of an infected person?
A
38
What type(s) of hepatitis is/are transmitted by body fluids?
B and C
39
List THREE body fluids that can transmit hepatitis B and C.
[Every answer listed]
blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretion, breast milk
40
List the TWO main functions of saliva.
Lubricates the mouth for speech/chewing and moistens food for swallowing.
41
List the THREE salivary glands.
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
42
What is the process when the teeth physically break down food by chewing and grinding?
Mastication
43
List the TWO functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Kills bacteria and helps absorb iron
44
List the FIVE functions of the liver.
secretes bile, stores glycogen, stores iron/vitamins, produces heparin/cholesterol, and detoxifies substances
45
List the TWO functions of the pancreas.
produces insulin and secretes enzymes to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
46
Acute inflammation of the appendix caused by obstruction and infection
appendicitis
47
An inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
48
When crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments form gallstones
Cholelithiasis
49
Chronic destruction of liver cells and the formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue. Can be caused by hepatitis, chemical toxins, and alcoholism.
Cirrhosis
50
When fecal matter remains in the colon for too long caused by poor bowel habits, chronic laxative use, or a low fiber diet.
Constipation
51
Frequent watery stools caused by infection, stress, an irritated colon, and toxic substances.
Diarrhea
52
Inflammation of the diverticula (pouches that form in the intestine) caused by fecal material and bacteria becoming trapped.
Diverticulitis
53
Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the stomach and intestines caused by food poisoning, infection, and toxins.
Gastroenteritis
54
Painful dilated/varicose veins in the rectum/anus caused by strain, pressure during pregnancy, insufficient fluid intake, laxative abuse, or prolonged sitting/standing
Hemorrhoids
55
Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses in fecal matter or body fluids.
Hepatitis
56
When an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in the body wall.
Hernia
57
When the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity through an opening for the esophagus.
Hiatal Hernia
58
Inflammation of the pancreas, caused by the pancreatic enzymes digesting the pancreas itself causing necrosis.
Pancreatitis
59
Inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity, caused by a rupture in the intestine allowing its contents to enter the cavity.
Peritonitis
60
An open sore on the lining of the digestive tract, often caused by a bacterium (Heliobacter pylori) that burrows into the membrane allowing acids to come out.
Ulcer
61
Severe inflammation of the colon along with the formation of ulcers and abscesses, caused by stress, allergies, or an autoimmune reaction.
Ulcerative colitis
62
Opening where fecal matter is expelled
Anus
63
Long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, intestines, and anus. It also has the salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas as accessory organs.
Alimentary Canal
64
All body processes relating to food
Nutrition
65
State of good health with optimal body function
Nutritional Wellness
66
Fibrous indigestible form of carbohydrates
Cellulose
67
Process where blood capillaries pick up nutrients
Absorption
68
Process where nutrients are used by cells
Metabolism
69
Nutrients that are a major source of energy
Carbohydrates
70
Nutrients made of amino acids
Proteins
71
Nutrients that provide the most concentrated form of energy
Fats
72
Sterol lipid found in body cells and animal products
Cholesterol
73
Inorganic elements that regulate body fluids and assist in body functions
Minerals
74
Carbohydrates are a ____ source of energy than fats.
cheaper
75
Fats are a ____ ____ source of energy than carbohydrates.
more expensive
76
Describe the state of saturated fats at room temperature.
Solid
77
Describe the state of unsaturated fats at room temperature.
Soft and oily
78
____ are usually classified as water/fat-soluble.
Vitamins
79
The best source of incomplete proteins are ____ foods.
Vegetable
80
The best source of complete proteins are ____ foods.
Animal
81
_____, _____, and _____ all help build and repair tissue.
Proteins; Vitamins; Minerals
82
If a deficiency in vitamins can cause poor health, can an excessive amount do the same?
Yes
83
How many cups of water should the average person drink?
6-8
84
The chemical breakdown of food is called what?
Digestion
85
Where does most absorption take place?
The small intestine
86
During what process are nutrients combined with oxygen, releasing heat and energy?
Metabolism
87
The basal metabolic rate measure the rate at which the body uses energy for what type of work? List an example.
Involuntary; maintains tissue
88
A measure of the amount of heat released when nutrients are metabolized to produce energy.
a calorie
89
What is the main factor in determining someone's caloric requirements?
Physical activity/exercise
90
To gain weight you should _____ activity and _____ caloric intake.
decrease; increase
91
To lose weight you should _____ activity and _____ caloric intake.
increase; decrease
92
List the FIVE food groups.
dairy, vegetables, fruits, proteins, grains
93
What is the simplest way to measure correct portion sizes?
Your hand
94
The loss of appetite is called ____.
Anorexia
95
Are liquid diets nutritionally adequate?
No.
96
High-fat foods are avoided on high calorie diets because?
They digest slowly and spoil the appetite
97
Obesity is a form of ____.
malnutrition
98
Underweight is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.
10-15; less
99
Overweight is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.
10-20; greater
100
Obese is a body weight that is _____% ____ than the recommended body weight.
20; more
101
Name the TWO substances that can be antioxidants.
vitamins and minerals
102
What type of cholesterol transports cholesterol back to the liver and prevents plaque from accumulating on the walls of the arteries? Is it considered good/bad?
High-Density Lipoprotein/HDL; good
103
What type of cholesterol contributes to plaque buildup, causing atherosclerosis? Is it considered good/bad?
Low-Density Lipoprotein/LDL; bad
104
List the TWO functions of fats.
provide insulation; cushions organs and bones
105
List the TWO functions of proteins.
regulate body functions; build and repair tissues
106
Name the Vitamin:
• Growth and development
• Health of eyes
• Structure and functioning of the cells of the skin and mucous membranes
• Antioxidant to protect cells from free radicals
Vitamin A
107
Name the Vitamin:
• Growth
• Regulates calcium and phosphorous absorption and metabolism
• Builds and maintains bones and teeth
Vitamin D
108
Name the Vitamin:
• Necessary for protection of cell structure, especially red blood cells and epithelial cells
• Antioxidant to inhibit breakdown of vitamin A and some unsaturated fatty acids
Vitamin E
109
Name the Vitamin:
• Normal clotting of blood
• Formation of prothrombin
Vitamin K
110
Name the Vitamin:
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Promotes normal appetite and digestion
• Normal function of nervous system
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
111
Name the Vitamin:
• Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
• Health of mouth tissue
• Healthy eyes
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
112
Name the Vitamin:
• Protein synthesis and metabolism
• Production of antibodies
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
113
Name the Vitamin:
• Metabolism of proteins
• Production of healthy red blood cells
• Maintains nerve tissue
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
114
Name the Vitamin:
• Healthy gums
• Aids in wound healing
• Aids in absorption of iron
• Formation of collagen
Vitamin C
115
Name the Mineral:
• Develops/maintains bones and teeth
• Clotting of the blood
• Normal heart and muscle action
• Nerve function
Calcium (Ca)
116
Name the Mineral:
• Develops/maintains bones and teeth
• Maintains blood acid-base balance
• Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Constituent of body cells
Phosphorus (P)
117
Name the Mineral:
• Constituent of bones, muscles, and red blood cells
• Healthy muscles and nerves
• Metabolism of carbohydrates and fats
Magnesium (Mg)
118
Name the Mineral:
• Fluid balance, acid-base balance
• Regulates muscles and nerves
• Glucose (sugar) absorption
Sodium (Na)
119
Name the Mineral:
• Fluid balance
• Regular heart rhythm
• Cell metabolism
• Proper nerve function
• Regulates contraction of muscles
Potassium (K)
120
Name the Mineral:
• Formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells
• Part of cell enzymes
• Aids in production of energy
Iron (Fe)
121
Name the Mineral:
• Formation of hormones in thyroid gland
• Regulates basal metabolic rate
Iodine (I)
122
Name the Mineral:
• Healthy teeth and bones
Fluorine (F) (Fluoride)
123
Name the Mineral:
• Component of enzymes and insulin
• Essential for growth and wound healing
Zinc (Zn)
