Digestive 1

Question 1

Oral cavity: Boundaries

Answer 1

Superior border (roof of oral cavity):
Hard Palate
Soft Palate

Posterior border: oropharyngeal isthmus (aka fauces)

Inferior border (floor of oral cavity): Tongue

Anterior border: Lips

Lateral borders: Cheeks

Question 2

Palatoglossal arch

Answer 2

Anchor soft palate to tongue

Question 3

Palatopharyngeal arch

Answer 3

Anchor soft palate to wall of oropharynx

Question 4

Hard palate

Answer 4

rigid surface where the tongue forces food during chewing. Made by palatine processes of maxillae and horizontal plates of palatine bones.

Question 5

Soft palate

Answer 5

a soft, mobile flap - rises to close nasopharynx during swallowing

Question 6

Terminal sulcus

Answer 6

•marks the border between mouth and
pharynx
•Posterior 1/3 – lingual tonsil
•Anterior 2/3 - covered with papillae

Question 7

Circumvallate papillae

Answer 7

• Border terminal sulcus

* House >100 taste buds on sides

Question 8

Foliate papillae

Answer 8

• Ridges on sides of the tongue

* House >100 taste buds

Question 9

Fungiform papillae

Answer 9

• Mushroom shaped and red in colour

* Contain 3-5 taste buds on top

Question 10

Filiform papillae

Answer 10

• Thread-shaped, roughen tongue
• Small and numerous.
• Do not contain taste buds

Question 11

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Answer 11

Innervates most intrinsic and

extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Question 12

Intrinsic muscles (Tongue)

Answer 12

Confined within the tongue and not attached to bone.

Change shape of tongue

Question 13

Extrinsic muscles (Tongue)

Answer 13

• Attach tongue to bones.
• Alter position of tongue
• 4 pairs:
• Styloglossus
• Genioglossus
• Hyoglossus
• Palatoglossus

Question 14

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Answer 14

For taste

Question 15

Trigeminal nerve (CN VII)

Answer 15

(Lingual nerve) for sensation

Question 16

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Answer 16

Sensation and taste for
posterior 1/3 of tongue
(contains lingual tonsil)

Question 17

Salivary Glands

Answer 17

1. Parotid gland (Par = near, otid = the ear)
2. Submandibular gland
3. Sublingual gland

Question 18

1. Parotid gland (Par = near, otid = the ear)

Answer 18

• Situated in front of ear superficial to ramus of mandible

* Parotid duct drains into vestibule of mouth opposite upper second molar

Question 19

2. Submandibular gland

Answer 19

• Located beneath mandible

* Submandibular ducts release saliva onto floor of mouth from either side of the frenulum

Question 20

3. Sublingual gland

Answer 20

• Beneath tongue

* Releases saliva from several small openings just underneath the tongue

Question 21

Gleeking

Answer 21

is achieved by compression of the submandibular ducts

by muscles in the floor of the mouth when you move your tongue upwards.

Question 22

Sialography:

Answer 22

radiographic examination of the salivary glands. Evaluates the functional integrity of the salivary glands in case of obstructions or other pathologies.

Question 23

Saliva

Answer 23

• Water and mucus
• Ions
• Enzymes: amylase and lipase
• Bactericidal enzymes and antiviral substances
• Can transmit infection

Question 24

Mumps

Answer 24

A virus that spreads from one person to another through saliva
Causes inflammation and swelling of the parotid glands

Question 25

Pharynx

Answer 25

A muscular tube which runs from the internal nares to the esophagus and carries food and air to the respiratory and digestive structures

Question 26

Pharynx 3 portions

Answer 26

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Question 27

Tonsils:

Answer 27

* 4 sets * Accumulation of lymphoid nodules * First line of defense against organisms entering oral or nasal cavities

Question 28

Palatine Tonsils

Answer 28

Most often removed - tonsillectomy

Question 29

Lingual Tonsils:

Answer 29

• Base of tongue

Question 30

Tubal Tonsils:

Answer 30

• Located around Eustachian tube

Question 31

Pharyngeal Tonsils:

Answer 31

• Also known as “adenoids”

Question 32

Swallowing: 1. Oral phase

Answer 32

* Mouth→Oropharynx * Food bolus formed * Chewing, masticating

Question 33

Swallowing: 2. Pharyngeal stage

Answer 33

* Oropharynx → Esophagus | * Nasal cavity and larynx closed off

Question 34

Swallowing: 3. Esophageal stage

Answer 34

* Esophagus→Stomach | * Completes swallowing process

Question 35

Oral phase detailed

Answer 35

* Voluntary * Action: tongue elevates and pushes food bolus against the hard palate and backwards into the oropharynx * Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue and buccinators push the food bolus back until it reaches the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches

Question 36

Pharyngeal phase detailed

Answer 36

• Involuntary (gag reflex) • Action: Blockage of 3 cavities and contraction of pharynx forces bolus into esophagus

Question 37

Pharyngeal phase blocked cavities

Answer 37

1. Blockage of 3 cavities: I. Oral Cavity by elevation of the tongue II. Nasal cavity by elevation of soft palate III. Larynx by elevation of the larynx which causes epiglottis to fold over the laryngeal inlet

Question 38

suprahyoid muscles

Answer 38

``` lift the larynx superiorly and anteriorly Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric Hyoid bone ```

Question 39

Elevation/contraction of soft palate

Answer 39

Tensor veli palatini: tenses soft palate Levator veli palatine: elevates soft palate Palatopharyngeus: pulls soft palate down after it has been elevated

Question 40

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Answer 40

Superior pharyngeal constrictor Middle pharyngeal constrictor Inferior pharyngeal constrictor * Encircle pharynx and partially overlap each other * Contract sequentially during swallowing starting with the superior constrictor

Question 41

Esophageal phase detailed

Answer 41

• Involuntary • Action: downward movement of bolus through esophagus and into stomach 1. Contraction of skeletal muscle in the upper part of the esophagus 2. Peristalsis: wave-like contraction of smooth muscle in the lower part of the esophagus

Question 42

Peristalsis

Answer 42

involuntary process that involves alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ (in this case, esophagus) walls. The net effect is to squeeze food along a pathway – in this case down the esophagus.

Question 43

infrahyoid muscles

Answer 43

pull the hyoid bone and larynx inferiorly returning them to their original position Sternohyoid Omohyoid Thyrohyoid - Superior continuation of sternothyroid Sternothyroid - Deep to sternohyoid