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patho 300 exam 2 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Malabsorption vs maldigestion

A

malabsorption:
not getting across and absorbing

maldigestion:
not broken down enough to be absorbed

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2
Q

hematemesis

A

blood in the emesis (coming from stomach)

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3
Q

hematochezia

A

bright red stools

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4
Q

melena

A

black tarry stools

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5
Q

occult bleeding

A

stools look normal

breakdown products of blood in stool
*positive Guaiac test indicates occult GI bleeding

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6
Q

Gastric fluid

A

high in H+ and K+

share transport pump:
H+ pumped out into stomach
K+ pumped out stomach

K+ is contantly leaking out back into stomach

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7
Q

gastric fluid losses

A

loss of H+ and K+

metabolic alkalosis
hypokalemia

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8
Q

GI and potassium

A

hyperkalemia:
increase in GI motility

hypo:
decrease

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9
Q

GI and calcium

A

hypercalciemia:
decrease GI motility

hypo:
increase GI motility

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10
Q

osmotic diarrhea

A

unabsorbable osmoles within the lumen

ex: lactose intolerance
*eat something you can absorb and it has osmoles that draw fluid

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11
Q

secretory diarrhea

A

inflammatory or infectious processes

ex: viral, bacterial infection

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12
Q

effects of diarrhea on electrolyte balance

A

small intestine — ph (8.0) alkalosis

K+ and HCO3 normally absorbed

rapid transit times in diarrhea = loss of K+ and HCO3:
*metabolic acidosis
*hypokalemia

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13
Q

ischemia of the bowel
cause
end result

A

anything that causes decrease blood flow to GI

bowel ischemia leads to inflammation:

*necrosis:

perforation of the bowel (hole) and
peritonitis (hole causes infection)

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14
Q

intestinal obstruction
leads to

A

vomiting (push back up)
distention (pushes out)
ischemia (occluded vessels)
gas and fluid accumulation

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15
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

A

paralytic ileus

congenital defects of the GI

scarring of bowel

tumors

hernias
volvulus
intussusception

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16
Q

intestinal obstruction causes

paralytic ileus

A

electrolyte imbalance

drugs (narcotics)

bowel ischemia

abdominal infection

post-op abdominal surgery

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17
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

scarring of bowel

A

adhesions (outside bowel)
*scar outside tube causes obstruction

strictures (inside bowel)
*scar narrows inside of bowel

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18
Q

causes of intestinal obstruction

hernias

A

bowel moved where it shouldnt have

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19
Q

cause of intestinal obstruction

volvulus

A

twisting of bowel

*emergency

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20
Q

cause of intestinal obstruction

intussusception

Study These Flashcards
A

small bowel telescopes into large bowel
(happens where they meet)

21
Q

alterations in esophageal function

dysphagia

Study These Flashcards
A

difficulty with swallowing

mechanical: tumor, born with it

functional: stroke, issue with signal

22
Q

alteration in esophageal function

esophagitis

esophageal cancer

gastroesophageal reflux

Study These Flashcards
A

esophagitis:
*reflux of gastric secretions into esophgus

esophageal cancer

gastroesophageal reflux:
*backward movement of gastric contents into the esophagus

23
Q

alterations in esophageal function

hiatal hernia

Study These Flashcards
A

protrusion of part of stomach upwards into the thorax

Sliding hiatal hernia: can slide up and down

24
Q

alterations in gastric function

gastritis

stress ulcers

Study These Flashcards
A

inflammation of the stomach

stress ulcers: acute ulcers
*stress conditions activate SNS
*shunts blood away from the GI tract
*acid in stomach irritates mucus and causes stress ulcers

25
alterations in gastric function peptic ulcer disease
chronic ulcers: duodenal ulcers (pain after eating) gastric ulcers (pain before eating)
26
alterations in gastric function cancer of the stomach (nothing) pyloric obstruction
pyloric obstruction: *between stomach and intestines classic sign: projectile vomiting
27
alterations in intestinal function acute inflammatory disorders
gastroenteritis: inflammation of stomach and intest appendicitis diverticular disease: *diverticulitis: acute infl. *diverticulosis: chronic peritonitis
28
peritonitis
inflammation/hole within peritoneal cavity caused by bowel perforation life-threatining infection
29
alteratuons in intestinal function chronic inflammatory diorders
ulcerative clotitis: ulceration in colon crohns disease: small and large intestines *spots with inflammation and spots that are normal **called skip lesions
30
alteration in intestinal function colorectal cancer
preceds with a premaligant polyp
31
altered function of gall bladder cholecystitis cholelithiasis cancer of the gallbladder
cholecystitis: inflammation of GB cholelithiasis: gall stones *high fat diet *rapid weight loss
32
altered function of exocrine pancreas
secrete stuff out (digestive function) cystic fibrosis: *AR ch 7 *defective chloride channel *thickened mucus/secretions *happens in pancreatic ducts (cant function right)
33
altered function of the exocrine pancreas pancreatitis Acute v chronic Blood markers cancer of the pancreas
pancreatitis: acute vs chronic (alcohol consumption) *acute pancreatitis = pseudocyst increase lipase and amylase = pancreatitis blood marker
34
primary function of the liver
produces proteins: albumin and clot factors breaks down proteins synthesis of bile produce proteins for immunoglobulin synthesis breakdown drugs (biotransformation of chemicals) metabolism of steroid hormones (androgens, estrogens)
35
structure and function of liver
lobes—lobules—hepatocytes perfusion: *bring blood to liver -hepatic artery -portal vein *taking blood from the liver to the IVC -hepatic vein
36
components of the liver lobule
hepatocytes venous sinusoids: drain into central veins out hepatic vein to IVC Bile cannaliculi: drain into bile duct Kupffer cells: immune phagocytic cells
37
Jaundic
deposits of bilirubin *hyperbilirubinemia bilirubine is a breakdown product of hemoglobin 2 forms of bilirubin: unconjugated bilirubin conjugated bilirubin
38
unconjugated vs conjugated bilirubin
unconjuated bilirubin: *lipid soluble *requires protein transport to travel thru plasma conjugated bilirubin: *joined with glucuronic acid in the hepatocytes of the liver turing it into a water soluble
39
lab studies for hyperbilirubinemia
total bilirubin: *unconjugated bilirubin *conjugated bilirubin total protein and albumin other molecules competing for transport proteins
40
causes of hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
prehepatic: hemolytic jaundic (excessive RBC destruction) intrahepatic: obstruction within the liver extrahepatic obstructive jaundice: obstruction in the bile ducts outside of liver
41
hepatic dysfunction impaired protein metabolism
decrease protein production related lab: total protein albumin ammonia coagulation profile: *prothrombin time (INR) *partial prothromboplastin time *fibrinogen *fibrin split and d dimer
42
other manifestations of liver dysfunction
altered carb and fat metabolism and storage accumulation of toxins, hormones impaired immune defenses liver related enzyme released into the blood: ALT, AST, LDH, alkaline phosphatase
43
portal hypertension what it is complications
increased BP in portal venous system complications: *splenomegaly (spleen holds more fluid) *varices (varicose veins) -esophageal varices (massive blood loss) -rectal varices (hemorrhoids) *acites
44
ascities
third space portal HTN with liver disease, ascited resukts from combination of: ↑ capillary hydrostatic pressure ↓capillary colloid osmotic pressure
45
viral hepatitis
hep A: *spread by fecal-oral transmission (daycares) Hep B and C: *spread by blood and body secretions (can track by serology) Hep D and E: *less common
46
disorders of the liver: cirrhosis of the liver
fibrotic scarring of the liver primary cause of HTN
47
disorders of the liver alcohol-induced liver disease
alcoholic steatosis: fatty liver alcoholic hepatisis: inflammation of the liver alcoholic cirrhosis: permanent fibrotic scarring of the liver
48
disorder of the liver cancer of the liver
primary cancer: inflammation and necrosis common site for metastasis too: gets cancer from other organs

patho 300 exam 2 (6 decks)

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