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HOSA-PATHO > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

causes of missing teeth

A

dental decay periodontal disease, dental injury, congenitally missing

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2
Q

aka third molars

A

wisdom teeth

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3
Q

infection resulting in erosion of tooth surface

A

dental caries

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4
Q

cause of dental caries

A

bacteria in mouth breaks down sugars into acid plaque which erodes calcium in enamel; GERD/purging

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5
Q

tx dental caries

A
  • removal of diseased portion of tooth enamel and pulp & fill cavity with dental amalgam composite material
  • root canal procedure
  • tooth extraction
  • dental implant
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6
Q

cause of discolored teeth

A

aging, dead tooth, smoking, drinks, foods, antibacterial mouth wash, severe pertussis, measles, naturally occuring fluoride

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7
Q

tx discolored teeth

A

polishing w/rotary polisher, bleaching procedures, bond teeth w/synthetic veneer to tooth, whitening gel

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8
Q

inflammation and swelling of gums

A

gingivitis

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9
Q

cause of gingivitis

A

plaque, vitamin deficiencies, glandular disorders, blood diseases, viral infections, certain medications

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10
Q

destructive bone and gum disease around one or more teeth

A

periodontitis

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11
Q

aka periodontal disease

A

periodontitis

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12
Q

cause of periodontitis

A

plaque biofilm, unchecked gingivitis, poor oral hygiene

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13
Q

list contributing factors of periodontitis

A

smoking, certain meds, chemotherapy, diabetes, HIV infection, stress, poor nutrition, hormonal medications, pregnancy

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14
Q

how is periodontitis diagnosed

A

measure depth of pockets and xrays

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15
Q

tx periodontitis

A

scaling and root planing and curettage, brush and floss multiple times per day, oral/local sub-antimicrobial dose of antibiotic, periodontal surgery, bone/gum graft

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16
Q

tx oral tumors

A

observe periodically, excise if necessary

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17
Q

cause of malocclusion

A

genetics, oral habits, deviated septae, enlarged tonsils, allergies

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18
Q

tx malocclusion

A

braces, tooth extraction, surgical removal of part of jaw, combining crowns/bridges

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19
Q

cause of temporomandibular joint disorder

A

unbalanced activity of jaw muscles, bruxism, malocclusion, poorly fitting dentures, rheumatoid/degenerative/traumatic arthritis, neoplastic disease, clenching and grinding of teeth, habitual gum chewing

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20
Q

how is temporomandibular joint disorders diagnosed

A

oral exam, pt history, radiographic studies

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21
Q

tx temporomandibular joint disorders

A

immobilization of mandible, NSAIDs, wear special appliances, plastic bite plate (splint), intraarticular injections of hydrocortisone, physical therapy, stress counseling, muscle relaxants, TMJ arthroscopy, joint restructuring, joint replacement

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22
Q

pus filled sac developed in tissue surrounding base of root

A

tooth abscess

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23
Q

cause of tooth abscess

A
  • decayed/dying tooth
  • exposed dental nerve to bacteria
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24
Q

tx tooth abscess

A

antibiotics, root canal therapy, apicectomy, tooth extraction

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25
Q

lesion on mucous membrane exposing underlying sensitive tissue in mouth

A

mouth ulcers

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26
Q

cause of mouth ulcers

A

mechanical trauma, viral and bacterial infection, stress, illness, medications, tumor in mouth, anemia, leukemia

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27
Q

tx mouth ulcers

A

antiseptic mouthwash rinsing w/warm salt water, avoid spicy or acidic food, topical analgesics, soothing agents, steroid mouthwash, topical/oral antiviral agents

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28
Q

cause of cold sores

A

herpes simplex virus 1, exposure to sunshine or wind, another infection

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29
Q

tx cold sores

A

antiviral ointment or capsule (acyclovir [Zovirax] or penciclovir), rest, aspirin, anesthetic mouthwash, topical cream (docosanol [Abreva] Novitra)

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30
Q

candidiasis of oral mucosa

A

thrush

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31
Q

the cause of oral thrush is candidiasis albicans, other predisposing factors are

A

chemotherapy, diabetes, glucocorticoid therapy, removal dental prostheses

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32
Q

how is oral thrush diagnosed

A

oral exam, lab analysis of lesion

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33
Q

tx oral thrush

A

antifungal (nystatin), fluconazole [Diflucan])

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34
Q

aka acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or trench mouth

A

necrotizing periodontal disease

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35
Q

cause of necrotizing periodontal disease

A

poor oral hygiene, bacterial infection, gingivitis, HIV/AIDS, stress, poor nutrition, throat infections, smoking, serious illness, oral contraceptives

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36
Q

tx necrotizing periodontal disease

A

antibiotics, hydrogen peroxide mouthwash, teeth and gums professionally cleaned, gingivectomy

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37
Q

hyperkeratosis/epidermal thickening of buccal mucosa/palate/lower lip

A

oral leukoplakia

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38
Q

causes of oral leukoplakia

A

chronic irritation or heat

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39
Q

tx oral leukplakia

A

eliminate/smooth source of irritation

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40
Q

cause of oral cancer

A

smoking, alcohol, sun exposure, Betel nut chewing, HPV infection, poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, oral leukoplakia

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41
Q

how is oral cancer diagnosed

A

fine needle aspiration biopsy, contrast enhanced imaging

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42
Q

what are common sites for metastasis of oral cancer

A

lungs, liver, bone

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43
Q

tx oral cancer

A

surgery, radiotherapy, laser therapy, neck dissection, therapeutic irradiation, speech and swallowing rehabilitation

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44
Q

regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into esophagus generally at night

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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45
Q

cause of GERD

A

overeating, pregnancy, weight gain, hiatal hernia, medications, some foods

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46
Q

how is GERD diagnosed

A

barium swallow, esophagoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, esophageal pH monitoring

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47
Q

tx GERD

A

elevate head of bed, ingest light evening meal no less than 4 hours before bed time, antacids, weight loss, elimination/restriction of alcohol ingestion and smoking, medications, antireflux surgery

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48
Q

dilated submucosal veins developing in pts w/underlying portal hypertension and can cause serious upper GI bleeds

A

esophageal varices

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49
Q

cause of esophageal varices

A

increased pressure in veins, venous return to liver impeded, cirrhosis of liver

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50
Q

how is esophageal varices diagnosed

A

pt history, imaging, endoscopy

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51
Q

tx esophageal varices

A

restore blood volume, maintain fluid & electrolyte balance, endoscopic sclerotherapy, ligation of bleeding varices, emergency portal decompression

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52
Q

inflammation and tissue injury of esophagus

A

esophagitis

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53
Q

cause of esophagitis

A

acid reflux, certain oral antibiotics w/o enough water, chemical injury, HIV

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54
Q

how is esophagitis diagnosed

A

pt history, esophagoscopy

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55
Q

tx esophagitis

A

cimetidine (Tagament), Omeprazole (prilosec), sucralfate (carafate) suspension, small and frequent meals, avoid alcohol, dilate esophageal stricture, tx based on cause

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56
Q

esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is most often found in

A

Asia, Africa, Iran

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57
Q

list risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • cigarette smoking
  • alcohol
  • betel nut chewing
  • drinking very hot beverages
  • foods w/N-nitroso compounds
  • diet low in fruit and veggies
  • head and neck cancer history
  • underlying esophageal disease
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58
Q

adenocarcinoma of the esophagus primarily affects

A

males and caucasians

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59
Q

list major risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

A
  • barrett esophagus
  • chronic GERD
  • smoking
  • obese
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60
Q

how is esophageal cancer diagnosed

A

barium study, endoscopic biopsy

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61
Q

replacement of normal squamous epithelium with abnormal columnar epithelium

A

Barrett esophagus

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62
Q

how is Barrett esophagus developed

A

chronic GERD

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63
Q

cause of gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori infection, NSAIDs, chronic gastritis, ingestion of gastric irritants, smoking, alcohol consumption, increase of acid and pepsin

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64
Q

tx peptic ulcers

A

rest, meds, change in diet, stress reduction, elimination of cause, small frequent meals of soft and bland food

65
Q

inflammation of lining of stomach

A

gastritis

66
Q

cause of gastritis

A

H pylori, medication (aspirin/antinflammatory), poison, alcohol, smoking, infection, stress, mechanical injury from swallowing of foreign object, lack of gastric acid production, peptic ulcer disease

67
Q

how is gastritis diagnosed

A

gastroscopy, imaging, biopsy, blood count, serum test, fecal occult test potentially positive

68
Q

tx gastiritis

A

antibiotics if H pylori infection, antacids, meds that restrict blood vessels, antiemetics, bland diet, mineral and vitamin supplements

69
Q

cause of gastric cancer

A

H pylori, Barret esophagus, diet high in salt, smoking, previous gastric surgery, abdominal radiation, genetic predisposition

70
Q

how is gastric cancer diagnosed

A

upper GI endoscopy w/biopsy

71
Q

tx gastric cancer

A

antibiotics for H pylori, gastric resection, chemoradiotherapy, total gastrectomy, palliation

72
Q

cause of appendicitis

A

obstruction of narrow appendiceal lumen (lymphoid hyperplasia, fecaliths, parasites, foreign bodies, Crohn disease, primary/metastatic cancer)

73
Q

how is appendicitis diagnosed

A

maximal tenderness of abdomen at McBurney point, Rebound tenderness on opposite side, elevated WBC

74
Q

defect in diaphragm causing segment of stomach to slide into thoracic cavity

A

hiatal hernia

75
Q

cause of hiatal hernia

A

congenital defect/weakness in diaphragm (obesity, old age, trauma, intraabdominal pressure, unknown)

76
Q

how are hiatal hernia diagnosed

A

chest xray, barium radiographic studies, endoscopy, measure reflux pH, examine reflux contents

77
Q

tx hiatal hernia

A

dietary modifications, minimize activities that increase intraabdominal pressure, lose weight, antacids, medications that control acid secretions, stop smoking, avoid lying down after eating

78
Q

condition which organ protrudes through abnormal opening of abdominal wall

A

abdominal hernia

79
Q

cause of abdominal hernia

A

weak area/congenital malformation of abdominal wall, trauma, increased intraabdominal pressure (heavy lifting/pregnancy), surgery

80
Q

how is abdominal hernia diagnosed

A

palpation, physical exam, Valsalva maneuver (inguinal hernia), imaging of abdomen, WBC count

81
Q

tx abdominal hernia

A

truss, herniorrhapy

82
Q

chronic inflammatory disorder of GI tract

A

Crohn Disease

83
Q

aka Crohn Disease

A

regional enteritis

84
Q

cause of Crohn’s disease

A

unknown

85
Q

how is Crohn’s disease diagnosed

A

sx, radiographic studies of both intestines, colonoscopy, enteroscopy, skip lesions, biopsy, characteristic lesions, electrolyte abnormalities, CT, blood test

86
Q

tx Crohn’s disease

A

nutritional support, dietary supplements, IV nutrition, medication therapy (antibiotics, steroids, anticholinergics, narcotic agents, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, surgical resection

87
Q

chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting mucosa and submucosa of rectum and colon

A

ulcerative colitis

88
Q

cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown but it is thought to be associated as an

A

autoimmune

89
Q

how is ulcerative colitis diagnosed

A

clinical sx, examine stool for blood, reduced Hgb level and leukocytosis, electrolyte abnormalities, barium enema, colonoscopy,, biopsy

90
Q

tx ulcerative colitis

A

well balanced diet, avoid foods irritating to stomach, diet low in fat and bulk and high in protein/vitamins/calories, anticholinergic drugs, antidiarrheal agents, corticosteroid therapy, proctocolectomy, ileostomy, ileoanal anastomosis

91
Q

acute inflammation of lining of stomach and intestines

A

gastroenteritis

92
Q

cause of gastroenteritis

A

ingestion of bacteria from contaminated food/water, ingestion of poison/chemicals, chronic ingestion of spicy/irritating food, alcohol, caffeine, aspirin, antinflammatory agents, acute illness

93
Q

how is gastroenteritis diagnosed

A

lab analysis, culture of stool, blood studies, endoscopy

94
Q

tx gastroenteritis

A

antiemetics, antibiotics, antacid, oral/IV rehydration solutions, rest, eat as tolerated, antidiarrheal

95
Q

cause of intestinal obstruction

A

neoplasm, foreign bodies, fecal impaction, strictures, from Crohn disease, compression of bowel, volvulus, strangulated hernia, adhesion, ileus, certain medications, peritonitis

96
Q

paralytic condition of small bowel that may occur after abdominal surgery

A

ileus

97
Q

how are intestinal obstructions diagnosed

A

radiographic studies w/barium or gastrografin contrast, elevated WBC count, acid-base disturbances, electrolyte imbalances

98
Q

tx intestinal obstructions

A

resection of diseased bowel, ostomy, surgical removal of blockage, enemas, manual disimpaction, nasogastric tube

99
Q

progressive condition characterized by defects in muscular wall of large bowel

A

diverticulosis

100
Q

cause of diverticulosis

A

inadequate roughage in diets, excessive amounts of highly refined food

101
Q

tx diverticulosis

A

adequate fluids and roughage, fiber supplements, stool softener

102
Q

how is diverticulosis diagnosed

A

clinical picture, air-contrast barium enema radiographic study, colonoscopy

103
Q

tx diverticulosis

A

antibiotics, liquid diet, stool softeners, removal of diseased colon IV antibiotics, nutritional support, percutaneous drainage

104
Q

cause of colorectal cancer

A

age, history of large adenomatous polyps, diabetes mellitus, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, first-degree relative of colorectal cancer, cigarette smoking, obesity

105
Q

how is colorectal cancer diagnosed

A

colonoscopy, fecal occult blood test, double contrast barium enema

106
Q

tx colorectal cancer

A

surgical resection, colostomy, chemotherapy, radiation

107
Q

acute inflammation with plaque like necrotic debris and mucus adhered to damaged superficial mucosa of small and large intestines

A

pseudomembranous enterocolitis

108
Q

cause of pseudomembranous enterocolitis

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics, C diff infection

109
Q

how is pseudomembranous enterocolitis diagnosed

A

C diff found in stool, rectal biopsy, elevated WBC count, serum albumin reduced, abnormal serum electrolyte, distended colon on abdominal radiograph

110
Q

tx pseudomembranous enterocolitis

A

discontinue broad-spectrum antibtioics and substitute w/metronidazole or vancomycin, cholesytramine (Questran), monitor fluid and electrolyte balance, proper hand washing, isolation, decontamination

111
Q

small bowel fails to absorb nutrients bc of inadequate absorptive surface (small intestine shortened by disease or surgery)

A

short bowel syndrome

112
Q

cause of short bowel syndrome

A

crohn disease, inetstinal infarction, radiation enteritis, volvulus, tumor resection, trauma

113
Q

how is short bowel syndrome diagnosed

A

pt history, abnormal electrolyte levels, pH disturbances, anemia, increased amount of fat in stool

114
Q

tx short bowel syndrome

A

medication for infection, antidiarrheals, vitamin and mineral supplements, analgesics, food supplements, surgery

115
Q

functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and erratic dysfunction of bowel habits

A

irritable bowel syndrome

116
Q

how is IBS diagnosed

A

pt history, physical exam, rule out other conditions

117
Q

tx IBS

A

soluble fiber supplements, stool softeners, laxatives, antidiarrheal, ondansetron, antispasmodic drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, nonabsorbed antibiotics, mental/relaxation therapy

118
Q

inflammation of peritoneum

A

peritonitis

119
Q

cause of peritonitis

A

blood borne organisms/organisms from GI or genital tract, appendicitis, diverticulitis, perforated petic ulcer, perforated gallbladder, penetrating wound to abdomen, lupus, noninfective secretions

120
Q

how is peritonitis diagnosed

A

elevated WBC, abnormal serum electrolyte levels, gaseous distention of bowel on radiographs, CT, aspiration of peritoneal fluid

121
Q

tx peritonitis

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics, fluid and electrolyte replaced parenterally, surgery,

122
Q

varicose dilations of vein in anal canal or anorectal area

A

hemorrhoids

123
Q

cause of hemorrhoids

A

constipation, straining, pregnancy

124
Q

how are hemorrhoids diagnosed

A

physical exam, proctoscopy, Hgb level and RBC below normal

125
Q

tx hemorrhoids

A

stool softeners, diet high in fruits/veggies/whole grain cereals, warm sitz baths, topical anesthetic ointment, witch hazel compresses, hydrocortisone acetate/pramoxine hydrochloride, sclerotherapy injections, band ligation, cryosurgery, photocoagulation, electrocoagulation, thermocoagulation, stapled hemorrhoidectomy

126
Q

chronic degnerative disease of liver resulting in replacement of normal liver cells w/hard fibrous scar tissue

A

cirrhosis of liver

127
Q

aka hobnail liver

A

cirrhosis of liver

128
Q

cause of cirrhosis of liver

A

chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, hepatitis B and C, parasites, toxic chemicals, CHF, idiopathic

129
Q

how is cirrhosis diagnosed

A

enlarged firm and hard liver with palpable blunt edge, elevated liver enzyme and bilirubin levels, CT, ultrasound, needle biopsy of liver

130
Q

tx of cirrhosis

A

prohibit alcohol intake, adequate rest, vitamin and mineral supplements, antacids, diuretics, paracentesis, liver transplant

131
Q

what hepatitis is the only one to cause spiking fevers

A

hepatitis A

132
Q

how is hepA diagnosed

A

hepatitis profile, liver function studies, elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransaminase and aspartate aminotransaminase, prothrombin time prolonged, serum bilirubin level elevated, bilirubinuria, HAV antibody

133
Q

tx hep A

A

rest, IM immune globulin, pt isolation, antiemetics, analgesics, low fat high carb diet, restrict physical activity, avoid alcohol

134
Q

tx hep B

A

oral antiviral therapy, interferon, rest, sx control

135
Q

tx hep C

A

Sofosbuvir (Solvadi) w/ribavirin/peginterferon/ribavirin, other meds, gamma globulin, interferon and ribavirin, glucocorticoids, well balanced diet, rest, liver transplant

136
Q

cause of hepatocellular carcinoma

A

HBV, hereditary hemochromatosis, cirrhosis, exposure to aflatoxins

137
Q

how is Hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed

A

increase in AFP level greater than 500 g/L in high risk pt, ultrasound/CT/MRI of liver, liver biopsy

138
Q

tx hepatocellular carcinoma

A

surgical resection (partial hepatectomy), radiofrequency ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, systemic therapy with sorafenib, chemotherapy

139
Q

condition with too much fat in liver cells but drink little/no alcohol

A

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

140
Q

abnormal presence of calculi or gallstones that form in bile

A

cholelithiasis (gallstones)

141
Q

aka cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

142
Q

cause of cholelithiasis

A

age, high calorie high cholesterol diet, obesity, oral contraceptive use, ileal disease, alcoholic cirrhosis, biliary tract infection, diabetes mellitus

143
Q

how is cholelithiasis diagnosed

A

clinical picture, ultrasound of gallbladder and biliary ducts, elevated serum bilirubin level

144
Q

tx colelithiasis

A

limit fat intake, cholecystectomy, bile acids, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

145
Q

acute/chronic inflammation of gallbladder associated with cholelithiasis and infection often follows inflammation

A

cholecystitis

146
Q

cause of cholecystitis

A

obstruction of gallbladder from gallstones, trauma, insult to gallbladder, infection

147
Q

how is cholecystitis diagnosed

A

clinical picture, ultrasound of gallbladder and biliary ducts, radioiostope gallbladder study, elevated WBC, increased serum bilirubin level

148
Q

tx cholecystitis

A

eliminate fatty foods, NG tube, IV solution to replace fluid and electrolytes, cholecystectomy, antibiotics, analgesics, antiemetics

149
Q

cause of acute pancreatitis

A

escape of activated pancreatic enzymes into surrounding tissue (alcoholism, biliary tract disease, trauma, infection, structural anomalies, elevated Ca levels in blood, hemorrhage, hyperlipidemia, drugs), gallstones, metabolic/endocrine disorder, idiopathic

150
Q

how is acute pancreatitis diagnosed

A

dramatically elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, WBC and Hct elevated, radiography and ultrasound may show stones in biliary tract/dilation of common bile duct, hyperglycemia, CT with contrast, elevated bilirubin

151
Q

tx acute pancreatitis

A

IV fluid and electrolyte replacement, NPO and NG tube, narcotic, supportive care

152
Q

cause of pancreatic cancer

A

cigarette smoking, obesity, chronic pancreatitis/diabetes, family history of pancreatic cancer, mutations in cancer susceptibility genes

153
Q

how is pancreatic cancer diagnosed

A

abdominal ultrasound/CT, ERCP, elevated serum tumor marker for pancreatic cancer, fine needle aspiration biopsy

154
Q

tx pancreatic cancer

A

surgical resection

155
Q

cause of malabsorption syndrome

A

defective mucosal cells in small intestine, diseased pancreas, blocked pancreatic duct, reduced secretion of bile from hepatic disease/bile duct obstruction, metabolic or endocrine disorders, severe parasitic and worm infestations

156
Q

cause of food poisoning

A

cheese, mushrooms, shellfish, food contaminated by poisonous insecticides, toxic substances, food undergone putrefaction or decomposition, food contaminated w/bacteria

157
Q

eating disorder linked to psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self-imposed starvation resulting from distorted body image and compulsion to be thin

A

anorexia nervosa

158
Q

how is anorexia nervosa diagnosed

A

clinical picture and history (lost at least 15% total body weight, appear emaciated, absent/irregular menses, hypotension, bradycardia, intense fear of gaining weight)

159
Q
A

HOSA-PATHO (12 decks)

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