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Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of the digestive system?

A

Prepares nutrients for absorption and use by body cells

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2
Q

What are the two main portions of the digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal- continuous hollow tube

Accessory organs

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3
Q

What are the 7 organs of the alimentary canal?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine 
Anus
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4
Q

From the innermost to outermost, what are the layers of the alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis (muscle)
Serosa (peritoneum)

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5
Q

What is the main purpose of the mouth?

A

Mastication

Mixed food with saliva for chemical digestion in addition to mechanical digestion

Taste

Swallowing with tongue

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6
Q

What is the main purpose of the pharynx?

A

Tube going from mouth to esophagus

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the esophagus?

A

First segment of DIGESTIVE TUBE

Food propelled by peristalsis

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8
Q

What are some main characteristics of the stomach?

A

Capacity about 1-1.5 L

-position changing during deep breaths and after eating (related to dyspnea)

Lesser (lengthier) curvature
Greater (shorter) curvature

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9
Q

What are the different components of the stomach?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter allows foot to enter

From top to bottom, regions are :

Cardiac region
Fundus (expands and collapses)
Body
Pylorus- funnel shaped end

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10
Q

What is the sphincter between the stomach and the small intestine?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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11
Q

What is produced in the stomach?

A

Chyme

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12
Q

What are the folds in the stomach called and what is their purpose?

A

Rugae - allow for expansion

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13
Q

Is anything absorbed in the stomach?

A

Only alcohol and aspirin

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14
Q

What is the mucosa in the stomach?

A

Gastric mucosa

Simple columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What are the layers of the gastric mucosa from innermost to outermost?

A

Mucosa neck cells- produces alkaline mucus to protect from stomach acids

Chief cells- produce proteins: pepsinogen and rennin

Parietal cells- produces HCl

Enteroendocrine cells- stimulate gastrin to release digestive chemicals

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16
Q

What are the holes in the stomach called?

A

Gastric pits- folding in mucosa layer to house various gastric glands

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17
Q

Is the stomach chemical or mechanical digestion?

A

Both. Enzymes and physical churning

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18
Q

What is GERD?

A

Heart burn

Gastroesophegeal reflux disease

Backwards flow of stomach acid through lower esophageal sphincter into esophagus

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the stomach?

A

Acts as storage tank

Churns to mix contents

Site of food breakdown

Chemical breakdown of protein begins with PEPSINOGEN

Releases gastrin to regulate digestive functions

Delivers chyme to small intestines

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of the small intestine?

A

Long muscular tube roughly 2.5 cm diameter and 6m long

  • MAJOR digestive organ
  • site of nutrient absorption
  • ends at ileocecal valve (attachment to large intestines)
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21
Q

What are the divisions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum- 25cm, shaped like a C. Attached to stomach.
  • jejunum - attached to duedenum (2.5 m long)
  • ileum - from jejunum to large intestines(3.5 m long)
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22
Q

What are the organs of absorption in the small intestine?

A

Deep folds in mucosa and su mucosa (plicae folds) have VILLI

villi- finger like projections use to increase surface area and increase absorption

Each villi has lacteal vessels, arterioles, and venules- also covered in BRUSH BORDER, 1700 ultrafine microvilli PER CELL

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23
Q

What are the structures of the villi?

A

Absorptive cells- ENTEROCYTES (microvilli. Main site of absorption

Blood capillaries

Lacteals

Peyers patches (lymphatic tissue in submucosa to fight bacterial invasion) - most numerous at end of small intestine

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24
Q

Where does the most digestion occur?

A

Duodenum

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25
What are some characteristics of the large intestine?
Larger than small intestine in diameter Have microvilli, but no villi Site of WATER ABSORBTION
26
What are the components of the large intestine?
Cecum- saclike Appendix- protrusion. Reservoir for gut bacteria. Accumulation of lymphatic tissue Ascending colon (transverse) Descending colon (sigmoid) Rectum Anus
27
What are the main functions of the large intestine?
Eliminates indigestible food Does NOT digest food Contains goblet cells- intestinal mucous cells that produce alkaline mucous that coats feces and reduces acidity.
28
What are the 5 accessory organs to digestion?
Salivary glands Teeth Pancreas Liver Gall bladder
29
What are the three Salvatore glands and what is their purpose?
Paranoid, submandibular, sublingual Produce saliva that contains salivary amylase- begins starch digestion Dissolved so chemicals can be tasted
30
What is the main purpose of teeth?
Mastication Mechanical digestion
31
What are the two portions of the pancreas and what do they do?
Exocrine portion- tiny ducts unite to form pancreatic duct, which secreted enzymes into duodenum Endocrine portion- cells in pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon into blood stream
32
What is the overall function of the pancreas?
Produce digestive enzymes that break down ALL food Pancreatic AMYLASE, TRYPSINS, LIPASES, NUCLEASES Alkaline fluid secreted to neutralize acid in chyme from stomach
33
What is the difference between digestion and metabolism?
Digestion- break down of ingested food and absorption of nutrients into blood Metabolism- production of ATP (both anabolic and catabolic activities)
34
What are some characteristics of the liver?
Largest gland in body (1.5kg) Right side of body under diaphragm Connected to gallbladder at HEPATIC DUCT
35
What is the relationship between the liver and the gallbladder?
Gallbladder is found embedded in a hollow fossa of the liver CYSTIC DUCT extends from gall bladder, which COMMON HEPATIC DUCT extends from liver. -Joining of two ducts forms BILE DUCT into duodenum (Liver secretes bile, gallbladder stores it) Used for emulsification of fats
36
What is bile made up of and what is its purpose?
- bile salts - bile pigment- BILIRUBIN (yellow breakdown of heme) - cholesterol - phospholipids - electrolytes
37
What are the metabolic roles of the liver?
- removes amino acids, fatty acids, Glucose from blood - stores and activates vitamins, minerals, and drugs - stores glucose as glycogen - maintains blood glucose levels by converting between glucose and glycogen - synthesizes non essential amino acids - produces blood proteins - manufactures heparin - makes cholesterol - forms bile for fat emulsification - bile excretes bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes - degrades hormones and bilirubin - detoxifies ammonia into urea - produces enzymes to detoxify drugs and alcohol - liver will store poison to prevent circulation
38
What is cirrhosis?
Chronic liver disease -degeneration of cells, inflammation, fibrous thickening of tissues Usually result of hepatitis or alcoholism DEATH OF LIVER CELLS
39
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of liver caused by virus, poison, or autoimmune condition
40
What is the main purpose of the digestive function?
To bring essential nutrients into internal environment for body cells.
41
What are the three mechanisms of digestion?
Ingestion- food into mouth Digestion- breakdown of complex nutrients into smaller ones (mechanical and chemical) Secretion- release of digestive fluids
42
What some examples of mechanical digestion?
ALL MOVEMENT THROUGH DIGESTIVE TRACT mixing of food- in mouth by tongue Churning of food- in stomach Segmentation- broken into small pieces in S Intestine
43
What is segmentation?
Forward and back movement to aid with mixing food into gastric juices
44
What are the broken down forms of each of the major nutrients?
Carbohydrates- simple sugars Proteins- amino acids Fats- monoglycerides, fatty acids, glycerol
45
What are some factors influencing chemical digestion and what do they do?
Saliva- amylase (starch) and lingual lipase (lipids) ``` Gastric juice(stomach)- pepsin and HCl?(proteins) Rennin- milk proteins ``` Pancreatic juice- pancreatic lipase(fat) Pancreatic amylase (starch) Trypsin (protein) Nuclease (nucleic acid) Gallbladder(Into duodenum)- bile(fat emulsification) Small intestine- peptidases, sucrase, Maltase, lactase (all found in brush border
46
What are the duodenal hormones?
Gastrin- stimulates HCl and Pepsin Secretin- increases pancreatic juice and bile secretion Cholecystokinin (CCK)- stimulates bile from gallbladder and secretion of pancreatic juice Gastrin inhibitory peptide- inhibits gastric secretion: stimulates insulin release to uptake glucose
47
What are some physical mechanisms of digestion?
Motility (propulsion)- moving food from one part of system to another - swallowing - peristalsis- wavelike- SINGLE DIRECTION
48
How does movement in the stomach work?
Peristaltic contractions happen, mixing food well with acids, creating CHYME before passing through pyloric sphincter Enters S intestine 30ml at a time. Stomach empties in 4-6 hours
49
How does movement in the small and large intestines work?
Peristalsis and segmentation in small, sluggish peristalsis in large- 3/4 time a day
50
What are some mechanisms of absorption?
Simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids enter GI mucosa into lymph or blood capillaries
51
Where does the majority of digestion take place?
Small intestines Absorbed and transported to liver via HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
52
What are the absorptive traits of the large intestine?
No digestive enzymes Ideal pH is 5.9-6.9 Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients Mostly water absorption (also vit K and B)
53
What is defecation?
Elimination of indigestible substance Water, inorganic salts, bacteria, cells, undirected food, products of decomposition
54
What controls digestive activity?
Duodenal hormones Parasympathetic nervous system Chemical and mechanical reactions during digestion
55
What are the types of nutrients? What is a nutrient?
Substances used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair Macronutrients- LARGE AMOUNTS needed (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins Micronutrients- SMALL AMOUNTS needed (vitamins, minerals) Also need water
56
What is a calorie?
Amount of heat required to raise temp of 1kg water by 1 degree C
57
What are some sources of carbohydrates?
Sugars and starches: Polysaccharides Cellulose Disaccharides Monosaccharides Glucose EXCEPTION- lactose in milk
58
What is a dietary source of lipids?
Triglycerides Saturated- animal products and coconut Unsaturated- nuts, seeds, vegetable oils
59
What is a dietary source of proteins?
Proteins make up 50% of organic matter in body Complete proteins- all 20 amino acids- animal products Incomplete proteins- plant foods (legumes or beans)
60
What is gastrin?
Stomach secretes when digesting Stimulates secretion of gastric juice rich in pepsin and HCl
61
What is GIP?
Intestinal mucosa in response to nutrients Inhibits gastric secretion and enhancing insulin secretion
62
What does secretin do?
Secreted by intestines in response to acid Inhibits gastric secretion, stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice high in alkalinity
63
What is cholecystokinin?
Secreted by intestines in response to nutrients Stimulates bile ejection
64
What hormones are responsible for digesting proteins?
Pepsin (activated by HCl from PEPSINOGEN), trypsin

Z-Biology (13 decks)

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