Final

Question 1

What makes up the duct system of the male reproductive system?

Answer 1

2 epididymis

2 vas deferens

2 ejaculatory ducts

1 urethra

Question 2

What are the accessory glands to the male reproductive system?

Answer 2

2 seminal vesicles

2 bulbourethral glands

1 prostate

Question 3

What are the testes made up of?

Answer 3

Seminiferous Tubules

Function to form sperm

Question 4

What is the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules?

Answer 4

Made in tubules, travel through RETE TESTIS (joining of all tubules), leave via EFFERENT DUCTULES into epididymis (where they can be stored)

Question 5

What are in between the seminiferous tubules? What do they do?

Answer 5

Interstitial (LEYDIG) cells that produce testosterone

Question 6

What stimulates the interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules to release testosterone? What are the functions of testosterone?

Answer 6

LH secreted by the anterior pituitary

• regulates metabolism
• stimulates growth spurts
• underlies sex drive
• prompts reproductive organ development and secondary sex traits

Question 7

What are features and functions of the epididymis ?

Answer 7

Comma shaped, tightly coiled along top and behind each testis

Stores matures perms for 1-3 weeks, expels sperm into VAS DEFERENS

Question 8

What are features and functions of the vas deferens?

Answer 8

Muscular tube from epididymis to ejaculatory duct using peristalsis

Joins with SEMINAL VESICLE

Question 9

Where does urethra start? Where does sperm enter it?

Answer 9

Starts at bladder

Sperm enters at ejaculatory duct (prostate gland)

Question 10

Where are the seminal vesicles located? What is their purpose?

Answer 10

Gland at base of bladder

Secretes thick yellows alkaline liquid (60% of Semen vol, allowing Sperm to travel)

Contains fructose, vitamin C, lipids to nourish and activate sperm

Question 11

Where is the probate located? What does it do?

Answer 11

Doughnut shaped gland encircling urethra directly below bladder

Add slightly acidic, watery, milky secretion to seminal fluid (30% of vol)

Helps with sore activation, viability and mobility

Question 12

What are bulbourethral glands and what is their purpose?

Answer 12

Small pea shaped gland below prostate

Secretes clear, thick, alkaline mucous to cleanse urethra of acidic urine
Serves as lubricant
Counteracts acidity in female vagina

Question 13

What are some characteristics of the scrotum?

Answer 13

Contains a testis, epiditymis, lower vas deferens

Maintains 3 degrees lower than body temp (34 degrees) to protect sperm viability

Question 14

What are primary spermatocytes?

Answer 14

Ddiploid sperm cells that are produced from birth to puberty through MITOSIS

FSH then stimulates them to undergo MEIOSIS when puberty hits (become SPERMATIDS)

Question 15

What happens to SPERMATIDS?

Answer 15

Mature into sperm cells (takes about 64-72 days)

Question 16

What activates spermatogenesis?

Answer 16

Increased testosterone levels and release of FSH

Question 17

Homologous chromosome

Answer 17

A set of one maternal and one paternal chromosomes coding for the same gene

Question 18

What are the main functions of the female reproductive system?

Answer 18

Produce offspring

Produce gametes

Provide protection to developing offspring

Question 19

What is the duct system for the female reproductive system?

Answer 19

Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

Question 20

What are gonads?

Answer 20

Reproductive organs

Ovaries- female
Testes- male

Question 21

What are characteristics of the ovaries?

Answer 21

Sac like structures located on each side of uterus

Composed of thousands of OVARIAN FOLLICLES

Follicles contain immature gametes called OOCYTES

Question 22

What are the stages of ovarian follicle development?

Answer 22

Primary follicle- contains immature oocyte, surrounded by single layer of granulosa cells

Graffiti follicle- growing follicle containing maturing oocyte

Ovulation- follicle ruptures to release mature OVUM every 28 days

Ruptures follicle turns into CORPUS LUTEUM that continues to grow

Question 23

What is the purpose of the corpus LUTEUM?

Answer 23

Acts as an endocrine gland after rupture of follicle

Excretes progesterone to keep endometrium lining of uterus viable for implantation (thick)

Also suppresses development of a new follicle to maintain pregnancy and placenta

If pregnancy does not occur, degenerates into CORPUS ALBICAN

Question 24

What is the function of the ovaries?

Answer 24

Produce ova

Oogenesis

Function as endocrine organs that secrete progesterone and estrogen

Question 25

What are OOCYTES.

Answer 25

Immature eggs that mature in ovarian follicles

Question 26

What are the steps of oogenesis?

Answer 26

Before birth, stem cells specific to female are present (oogonia) Oogonia undergo mitosis to form PRIMARY OOCYTES (before birth) Primary oocytes become encased in primary follicles where they await meiosis Meiosis 1 is initiated, but stops at prophase 1 until puberty when FSH stimulates maturation Meiosis 1 continues, and produces a haploid secondary oocyte as well as the first polar body When sperm penetrates egg, meiosis 2 occurs

Question 27

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 27

Ampulla of the uterine tube

Question 28

What is the structure of the Fallopian tubes and the ovaries?

Answer 28

Fallopian tubes attach to uterus at end of uterine tubes Do not physically attach to ovaries Fimbrae- finger like projections receive the oocyte when follicle ruptures and transport it through Fallopian tube using cilia

Question 29

What are some characteristics of the uterus?

Answer 29

Hollow, pear shaped organ located above the bladder and between the rectum 2 main parts- CERVIX and BODY

Question 30

What is the main purpose of the uterus?

Answer 30

Receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized egg Permits sperm to ascent towards uterine tubes Endometrial glands supply embryo with nutrients until placenta forms

Question 31

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

Answer 31

Endometrium- allows for egg implantation This lining sloughs off if NO PREGNANCY occurs Myometrium- smooth muscle layer that contracts Perimetrium- external layer

Question 32

What are the components of the external genetalia?

Answer 32

Vestibule- opening of urethera Labia- fat and connective tissue that provides protection Clitoris- constrains erectile tissue corresponding to male penis

Question 33

How long does it take the ova to reach the uterus?

Answer 33

4-5 days

Question 34

What is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

Cyclic changes to the endometrium lining Important to prepare uterus for implantation Controlled by cyclic production of estrogen and progesterone Stages- menses: endometrium sheds Proliferation stage: regeneration of endometrium Secretory stage: endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation

Question 35

What is the ovarian cycle?

Answer 35

Production of ova- FSH starts, estrogen maintains Follicular phase: follicles mature (estrogen) Ovulation: release of ovum (estrogen increase and surge of LH) Luteal phase: corpus luteum secretes estrogen(lower) and progesterone

Question 36

What does estrogen do in the female reproductive system?

Answer 36

Produced by follicle cells - secondary sex characteristics (breaths, public hair, fat, wider hips) - controls menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle - begins menses

Question 37

What does progesterone do in female system?

Answer 37

Produced in corpus luteum and placenta Helps maintain endometrium in anticipation of pregnancy