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Bio 20 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

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1
Q

Define carbohydrate

A

A molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

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2
Q

Define polymer

A

A molecule composed of three or more subunits

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3
Q

Define monosaccharide

A

A single sugar unit

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4
Q

Define isomer

A

One of a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements

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5
Q

Define disaccharide

A

A sugar formed by the joining of two monosaccharide subunits

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6
Q

Define dehydration synthesis

A

The process by which larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules

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7
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

The process by which larger molecules are split into smaller molecules by the addition of water

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8
Q

Define polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar subunits

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9
Q

Define starch

A

A plant carbohydrate used to store energy

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10
Q

Define glycogen

A

The form of carbohydrate storage in animals

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11
Q

Define cellulose

A

A plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

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12
Q

Define triglyceride

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

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13
Q

Define fat

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids, solid at room temperature

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14
Q

Define oil

A

A lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids, liquid at room temperature

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15
Q

Define phospholipid

A

A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to the glycerol backbone, making the molecule polar. The main components of cell membrane

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16
Q

Define wax

A

A long chain lipid that is insoluble in water

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17
Q

Define protein

A

A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

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18
Q

Define amino acids

A

A chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

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19
Q

Define peptide bonds

A

The bond that joins amino acids

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20
Q

Define polypeptide

A

A chain of three or more amino acids

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21
Q

Define essential amino acids

A

An amino acid that must be obtained from the diet

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22
Q

Define denaturation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted causing a momentary change in shape

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23
Q

Define coagulation

A

The process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape

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24
Q

Define catalyst

A

A chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

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25
Define enzyme
A protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures
26
Define substrate
A molecule on which an enzyme works
27
Define active site
The area of an enzyme that combines with the substance
28
Define cofactor
An inorganic ion that helps and enzyme combine with a substrate molecule
29
Define competitive inhibitor
A molecule with a shape complimentary to a specific enzymes that competes with the substrate to access the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions
30
Define feedback inhibition
The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway
31
Define precursor activity
The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate
32
Define allosteric activity
A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule
33
Define amylase
An enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates such as starch
34
Define peristalsis
Rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract
35
Define sphincter
A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tubelike structure
36
Define mucus
A protective lubricating substance composed mainly of protein
37
Define pepsin
A protein digesting enzyme produced in the stomach
38
Define ulcer
A lesion on the surface of an organ
39
Define duodenum
The first segment of the small intestine
40
Define villi
Small fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase surface area for absorption
41
Define microvilli
Microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane
42
Define capillary
A blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange
43
Define lacteal
A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system
44
Define secretin
A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions
45
Define enterokinase
An enzyme of the small intestine that converts trypsinogen trypsin
46
Define trypsin
A protein digesting enzyme
47
Define erepsin
An enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short chain peptides to amino acids
48
Define lipase
A lipid digesting enzyme
49
Define bile salts
A component of bile that breaks down large fat globules
50
Define cholecystokinin
A hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts
51
Define detoxify
To remove the effects of a poison
52
Define gallstone
Crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder
53
Define jaundice
The yellowish discolouration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood
54
Define cirrhosis
Chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of non functioning fibrous tissue
55
Define colon
The largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs
56
Define gastrin
A hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of hydrochloric acid
57
Define enterogastrone
A hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions motility
58
What are the five chemicals of life?
``` Vitamins and minerals Lipids Nuclei acids Proteins Carbohydrates ```
59
Carbohydrates are molecules that contain ____________, ____________, and ___________.
Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon
60
What is the preferred source of energy for cells?
Carbohydrates
61
Lipids are compounds formed from____________ and ________________
Glycerol | Fatty acids
62
Lipids are ________________ compounds
Energy storing
63
Proteins are molecules constructed of ________________. Proteins are the ___________ components of cells.
Amino acids | Structural
64
What does saliva contain and what is its function?
Saliva contains amylase enzymes that break down carbohydrates and activates taste buds and lubricates food
65
What is the function of the mouth
Chewing and digestion of starch
66
What is the function of the stomach
Storage of food and initial digestion’s of proteins
67
What is the function of the small intestine
Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids; the absorption of nutrients
68
What is the function of the pancreas
Production of digestive enzymes that act on food in the small intestine; storage of bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach aid in the small intestine
69
What is the function of the large intestine
Absorption of water and storage of undigested food
70
What do the salivary glads secrete and what is their function
Salivary amylase | Initiates the breakdown of polysaccharides to simpler carbohydrates
71
What does the stomach secrete and what is its function in digestion
Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, mucus HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsinogen kills microbes when converted to pepsin, initiates the digestion of proteins. Mucus protects the stomach from pepsin and HCl
72
What does the pancreas secrete and what is its function in digestion
Pancreatic amylase, bicarbonate ions, trypsinogen, lipase Pancreatic amylase continues the breakdown of carbohydrates into disaccharides. Bicarbonate ions neutralize HCl from the stomach. Trypsinogen when activated to trypsin, converts long chain peptides into short chain peptides. Lipase breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids
73
What does the small intestine secrete and what is its purpose in digestion
Erepsin, disaccharidases | Erepsin completes the breakdown of proteins, dissaccharidases break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
74
What does the liver secrete and what is its function in digestion
Bile | Biles emulsifies fat
75
What does the gallbladder secrete and what is it function
Bile | Bile stores and secretes concentrated bile from the liver
76
What does the large intestine secrete and what is its function
Mucus | Mucus helps movement of food waste

Bio 20 (5 decks)

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