Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My Packs: HOSA (Pathophysiology)(Risks, Causes and Prevention) > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Missing Teeth

A

Causes: Dental decay(due to periodontal disease), dental disease, congenitally missing, impacted and prevented from erupting
Prevention: Proper dental hygiene, mouth guard during sports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Impacted Third Molar

A

Causes: No room to erupt(bone structure or adjacent teeth blocking)
Develops at 8-10 years old, erupt at 17-21 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pericoronitis

A

Causes: Infection around partially erupted tooth, food trapping in spaces between the teeth
Prevention: Proper dental hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dental Caries

A

Causes: Cavity-causing bacteria breaking down sugars into acid plaque, demineralization, stomach acid
Prevention: Proper oral hygiene, limit sweets,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Discolored Teeth

A

Causes: Age(yellow), smoking(brown), wine, coffee, tea, blueberries, drugs, tetracycline during childhood, antibacterial mouthwash, pertusiss(patches), measles(patches), excess fluoride(white/brown spots), hereditary factors
Prevention: Avoiding smoking, coffee, tea and red wine, whitening products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gingivitis

A

Causes: Plaque, vitamin deficiencies, glandular disorders, blood diseases, viral infections, certain medications, pregnant people and diabetics more susceptible
Prevention: Proper oral hygiene, removal of plaque at gum line, avoid excess brushing, avoid abrasives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Periodontitis(Periodontal Disease)

A

Causes: End result of gingivitis, bacteria, smoking, medications, chemotherapy, diabetes, HIV, stress, poor nutrition, pregnancy
Prevention: Professional cleaning, proper oral hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Oral Tumors

A

Causes: Idiopathic, tobacco seems to have some influencing in it developing into malignancy
Prevention: Avoid chronic irritation to lips and mouth, evaluate any lumps ASAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Malocclusion

A

Risks/Causes: Hereditary, early loss of primary teeth, thumb sucking, airway problems, shifting of teeth to fill the spaces
Prevention: Discourage oral habitats, address airway problems ASAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Temporomandibular Joint(TMJ) Syndrome

A

Causes: Unbalanced activity of jaw muscles due to bruxism, malocclusion, rheumatoid/degenerative arthritis, clenching, gum chewing, neoplasm
Prevention: Regular checkups to identify underlying conditions, treat underlying conditions to prevent onset of TMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tooth Abscesses

A

Causes: Decaying/dying tooth, tooth structure loss, dental nerves exposed to bacteria
Prevention: Proper oral hygiene, regular dental check ups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mouth Ulcers

A

Causes: Aphthous(stress, illness), Traumatic(injury, hto food burn, toothbrush), Acute(mechanical trauma, viral/bacterial infection stress)
Prevention: None, prevent trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Herpes Simplex(Cold Sores)

A

Causes: Herpes type 1, recurrence(sun, wind, stress nicotine, stimulants such as caffeine, chocolate)
Prevention: Early antivirals, avoid contact with cold sores, gentle cleansing with antiseptic soap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thrush

A

Risks: Common in young children, immunodeficiency, elderly
Causes: Fungal infection(Candida albicans), lowered resistance due to antibiotic treatment, cancer, chemotherapy, diabetes, glucocorticoids
Prevention: Rinse mouth after inhaling corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Necrotizing Periodontal Disease

A

Risks/Causes: Anaerobic, opportunistic bacteria, poor oral hygiene, bacterial infection secondary to gingivitis, HIV/AIDS, stress, poor nutrition, throat infection, leukemia, oral contraceptives
Prevention: Professional cleaning, proper oral hygiene, avoid smoking, good diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Oral Leukoplakia

A

Risks/Causes: Elderly, chronic irritation(friction, cheek biting, denture, rubbing), reaction to heat from tobacco, local irritation from chewing tobacco
Prevention: Avoid exposure to persistent irritation, eliminate tobacco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oral Cancer

A

Risks/Causes: Sun exposure, alcohol, tobacco, cigarette smoking, Betel nut chewing, infection with HPV, poor oral hygiene, periodontal disease, premalignant(oral leukoplakia)
Prevention: Mouth exam to detect premalignant or early malignant lesions, abstinence from tobacco/alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(GERD)

A

Risks/Causes: Overeating, pregnancy, weight gain, relaxation of LES or increase in intra-abdominal pressure, hiatal hernia, medications(theophylline, calcium channel blockers, birth control, antihistamines, antispasmodics), coffee, alcohol
Prevention: Manage causes that can be controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Risks/Causes: Alcoholic gastritis, increased pressure in veins(venous return to liver impeded), alcoholic cirrhosis
Prevention: Hepatic disease may or may not be preventable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Esophagitis

A

Risks/Causes: Corrosive(ingestion of caustic chemical, alkali/acid), Erosive(antibiotics without enough water, chemical injury), hiatal hernia
Prevention: Avoid alcohol, spicy foods, caffeine to relieve symptoms, none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A

Risks: SCC(Asian, African, Iranian, cigarette smoking, alcohol, betel nut chewing, drinking hot beverages, eating foods containing N-nitroso compounds, history of head and neck cancer or underlying esophageal disease), Adenocarcinoma(Caucasians, males, Barrett’s esophagus, GERD, smoking, obesity, near gastroesophageal junction)
Prevention: Endoscopy for people with Barrett’s esophagus to screen, avoid alcohol and smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gastric and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers

A

Risks/Causes: Middle-aged men, Helicobacter pylori, NSAID use, chronic gastritis, ulcerogenic drugs(alcohol, aspirin, smoking), increase of acid/gastric juice
Prevention: Avoid alcohol and smoking, follow instructions for NSAIDs and aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gastritis

Study These Flashcards
A

Risks/Causes: H. pylori, medications cause damage(aspirin, anti-inflammatory), poison, alcohol, smoking, infectious diseases, stress, mechanical injury(swallowing foreign object), repeated ingestion of irritating foods
Chronic: Peptic ulcer disease, recurring exposure to radiation, history of chronic disease
Idiopathic, lack of gastric acid(B12 deficiency)
Prevention: Same of Gastric and Duodenal Peptic Ulcers

24
Q

Gastric Cancer

Study These Flashcards
A

Risks: Japanese
Causes: H. pylori(cancer is distal stomach), Barrett’s esophagus(cancer in proximal stomach), smoking, gastric surgery, genetics, dietary factors(high salt, low vegetables)
Prevention: Most develop metastases, incurable in 50% of patients, 5 year survival rate is almost 20%

25
Acute Appendicitis
Risks/Causes: Obstruction of lumen(due to lymphoid hyperplasia, fecaliths, parasites, foreign bodies, Crohn's Disease, primary/metastatic cancer), bacterial invasion of walls of appendix, common in 20-40 year old bracket Prevention: None known, remove during other surgeries
26
Hiatal Hernia
Risks/Causes: Congenital defects/weakness in diaphragm, weakening of muscle due to old age, trauma, intra-abdominal pressure, sometimes exact cause is uncertain Prevention: Not possible
27
Abdominal Hernia
Risks/Causes: Surgical sites and umbilicus, pregnancy and heavy lifting Prevention: Avoid heavy lifting and trauma if weak abdominal wall, avoid smoking that causes coughing
28
Crohn's Disease(Regional Enteritis)
Risks/Causes: Unknown, immunological factors, autoimmune factors, allergies, genetics, high stress can exacerbate Prevention: Preventing complications
29
Ulcerative Colitis
Risks/Causes: Starts at 15-30, less frequent 50-70, whites, people of Jewish descent, runs in families, autoimmune response Prevention: Prevent and manage recurrent attacks and complications
30
Gastroenteritis
Risks/Causes: Disease-causing pathogens, ingestion of poisons, chronic ingestion of spicy/irritating food, alcoho, caffeine, aspirin, other anti-inflammatory agents, complications of other illnesses Prevention: Education at eliminating cause, frequent and thorough hand-washing, avoidance of foods not well refrigerated/undercooked
31
Intestinal Obstruction
Risks: Middle-aged and elderly people Causes: Neoplasms, foreign bodies, fecal impaction, strictures, sompression, colculus, intussusception, strangulated hernia, adhesions, necrosis Prevention: Screening tests for cancer, laxative therapy to prevent impaction
32
Diverticulosis(Diverticular Disease)
Risks/Causes: Common with age, weak points in muscular layer of large intestine, distal part of colon, sigmoid colon Prevention: Plenty of fluids, bran therapy/high-fibre diet rich in fruits and vegetables prevent constipation and straining during defecation
33
Diverticulitis
Causes: Fecal matter trapped in one or more diverticula, lack of dietary bulk, inadequate fluid intake, constipation, fecal plugs in diverticula Prevention: Regular elimination for soft formed stools
34
Colorectal Cancer
Third most common cancer site/cancer death Risks/Genetics: 50 years old, genetics(familial adenomatous polyposis), history of large adenomatous polyps, diabetes mellitus, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, cancer, smoking, obesity Prevention: Diet high in fruits and vegetables, exercise to maintain healthy weight, regular use of NSAIDs and aspirin, screening
35
Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis
Risks/Causes: Use of antibiotics, healthcare facilities where fecal contamination is more likely, abdominal surgery, age of 65 years old Prevention: Infection control, caution in prescribing antibiotics, avoid swallowing pool water
36
Short Bowel Syndrome
Risks/Causes: Disease or surgery, type and degree depends on length and site of resection and degree of adaption of remaining bowel Prevention: Monitor for manifestations of malnutrition and weight loss after surgical resection
37
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Risks: Acute gastointestinal infection, chronic pain disorders(fibromyalgia), lactose intolerance, back pain, urinary symptoms, anxiety, depression, 20-40 years old, women, stressful events Causes: Unknown Prevention: Exact cause unknown so no prevention
38
Peritonitis
Risks/Causes: Primary(blood-borne organisms originating in GI/genital tract), Secondary(source is contaminated by GI secretions resulting from perforation of GI tract or intra abdominal organs, noninvasive secretions(bile from ruptured gallbladder), E.coli, L.pneu monia, Enterococcus species, P.aeruginosa Prevention: Treating the many underlying causes
39
Hemorrhoids
Risks/Causes: Constipation, straining, pregnancy exacerbates condition Prevention: Avoid constipation, straining, heavy-lifting; High-bulk diet
40
Liver Cirrhosis
Risks/Causes: Men, chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, hepatitis, parasites, toxic chemicals, congestive heart failure, genetics(Wilson's Disease, hemochromatosis), idiopathic Prevention: Early diagnosis, prevent progression to cirrhosis, avoid chemical and alcohol toxins, prevent infections that damage liver, caution when taking medications that are hard on liver
41
Viral Hepatitis
Risks/Causes: Systemic infection, endemic in much of the world, viral agents
42
Hepatitis A
Risks/Causes: Contaminated water or stool with HAV | Prevention: Vaccination against HAV, proper sanitation, hand washing, and thorough cooking of food
43
Hepatitis B(Serum Hepatitis)
Transmitted through percutaneous and perimucosal routes(blood, semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, secual contact, contaminated needles), onset insidious, animnotransferase levels higher than HAV, infected mother can transfer to child in birth Prevention: Vaccination, avoid needle sticks
44
Hepatitis C
HCV transmitted by blood and body fluids(blood transfusions, needle sticks, sexual transmission), widespread epidemic, most common blood borne infection Prevention: Avoid contact with body fluids
45
Liver Cancer
Risks/Causes: HBV infection, hereditary hemochromatosis, cirrhosis, exposure to aflatoxins Primary cancer(rare in developed parts of the world, major cause of cancer death in Asia/Africa), Secondary(more common, usually develops as metastasis) Prevention: Vaccination against HBV, screening
46
Cholelithiasis(Gallstones)
Risks/Causes: Increasing age, high-calorie and high-cholesterol diets, obesity, females, oral contraceptive use, ileal disease, diabetes mellitus Prevention: Low-fat diet, surgery to prevent chronic obstruction and complications(Sepsis, stricture, pancreatitis)
47
Cholecystitis
Causes: Trauma, infection, blocking of bile duct due to gallstones Prevention: Early medical attention, dietary modifications early
48
Pancreatitis
Risks/Causes: Alcoholism, biliary tract disease, trauma, infection, structural anomalies, elevated calcium, hemorrhage, hyperlipidemia, drug triggers, smoking, gallstones, idiopathic Prevention: Avoid clinical conditions, medications, and toxins associated with acute pancreatitis
49
Pancreatic Cancer
Fourth leading cause of cancer related death Risks/Causes: 45-60 year olds, cigarette smoking, obesity, history of chronic pancreatitis, diabetes risk factors Prevention: Cessation of smoking, screening
50
Malnutrition
Risks/Causes: Kwashiorkor(trauma, burns, sepsis), Marasmus(chronic diseases, COPD, congestive heart failure, cancer, AIDS), increased intake of energy and protein, increased nutrient loss or increased requirement, loss of nutrients from glycosuria, malabsorption, diarrhea, nutrient requirements increase by fever, surgery, neoplasia or burns Prevention: Correct nutritional deficiencies, restore weight, prevent complications
51
Malabsoption Syndrome
Risks/Causes: Defective mucosal cells and small intestine, diseased pancreas, blocked duct, hepatic disease, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, parasitic and worm infections Prevention: Specific and Non-Specific Therapies
52
Celiac Disease(Gluten Enteropathy)
Risks/Causes: Genetics, females | Prevention: None known, early detection and treatment to avoid complications
53
Food Poisoning
Risks/Causes: True Food Poisoning(mushroom, shellfish, food with poisonous insecticide, toxic substances), food that has undergone putrefaction or decomposition, food that has been contaminated with bacteria or their toxins Prevention: Infection control techniques, careful hand-washing, avoid drinking untreated water, cook food thoroughly, refrigerate food properly
54
Anorexia Nervosa
Risks/Causes: Unknown, family and social factors, predominantly younger women, stress hormones and biological factors, social and cultural factors, compulsive personality, psychological disturbance, distorted body image, compulsion to be thin Prevention: None, Awareness campaigns, shift from valuing body size and shape to valuing inner qualities and personality
55
Bulimia
Risks/Causes: Unknown, women(young, white, middle/upper-class women, psychosocial factors, depression, control issues, conflict
56
Motion Sickness
Risks/Causes: Excessive stimulation of vestibular apparatus caused by angular and linear movement Prevention: Eat only small amounts of food, prevention easier than treatment, sit in a vehicle that has least motion or where the horizon can be seen, avoid food or liquid before travel, take antiemetics in anticipation of a motion event

My Packs: HOSA (Pathophysiology)(Risks, Causes and Prevention) (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions