Digestive, Abdominal vessels and Lymph Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is the vertical fold of mucosa in median plan of the mouth extending between the lips and gum?
A
Labial Frenulum (upper and lower)
2
Q
What is the mucosa surrounding the teeth?
A
Gingiva
3
Q
What is the vertical mucosal fold in median plane under the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
A
Lingual frenulum
4
Q
Where is the apex of the tongue located?
A
Anterior tip
5
Q
Where is the body of the tongue located?
A
From the apex to the root
6
Q
Where is the root of the tongue located?
A
posterior part; covered mostly by lingual tonsils
7
Q
Extending upwards from behind the root of the tongue is the _______
A
Epiglottis
8
Q
Where is the Median Sulcus?
A
Along the midline of the tongue and ends just anterior to root in foramen cecum
9
Q
Where is the Terminal sulcus?
A
On dorsum of tongue running forward and laterally on either side to margin of tongue. It separates ant. 2/3 from posterior 1/3 of tongue.
10
Q
On the tongue, CN 5 receives what sensory information?
A
Pressure, mechanical sensation from apex to valleculae. * texture difference/hair in food
11
Q
On the tongue, CN 7 receives what sensory information?
A
Tase sensation, anterior 2/3 (via chorda tympani and lingual branch)
12
Q
on the tongue, CN 9 receives what sensory information?
A
Posterior 1/3 taste and general sensation * SENSORY of gag reflex
13
Q
On the tongue, CN 10 receives what sensory information
A
Medial part of root of tongue, lingual tonsils, extending over epiglottis *MOTOR of gag reflex
14
Q
Physiology of taste: Sweet
A
High chloric value - crave because blood sugar dropped and increased insulin secreted
15
Q
Physiology of taste: Sour
A
Acidic, citrus and essential vitamins
16
Q
Physiology of taste: Salty
A
Quickly dissolve into electrolytes
17
Q
Physiology of taste: Bitter
A
Alkaline - more likely to elicit a gag reflex because most alkaloid is not good for people
18
Q
Physiology of taste: Umami
A
Protein - satiety/being full
19
Q
physiology of taste: Spicy
A
Not really one of the 5 but irritation to the trigeminal nerve (CN5)
20
Q
What are the intrinsic skeletal muscles of the tongue?
A
They modify the shape of the tongue
1. superior longitudinal
2. inferior longitudinal
3. transverse
4. vertical
21
Q
What CN are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue innervated by?
A
Hypoglossal (CN12) (motor)
22
Q
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by what CN?
A
CN12 Hypoglossal
23
Q
What is the action of the Genioglossus tongue muscle?
A
Anterior fibers retract anterior tongue, posterior fibers protract and depress tongue
24
Q
What is the action of the Styloglossus muscle?
A
Retract and elevates tongue
25
What is the action of the Hyoglossus muscle?
Depress the tongue - especially the root
26
Pharyngeal plexus and CN 9 and 10 innervate what extrinsic tongue muscle?
Palatoglossus
27
Salivary glands are innervated by what CN?
CN7!
28
The parotid gland is innervated by CN ___ and not CN7
CN9!
29
What secretion is involved in the beginning of carbohydrate catabolism (breakdown)
Salivary amylase/ptyalin
30
How many teeth are milk teeth?
20 deciduous milk teeth
31
How many teeth are permanent teeth?
32
32
What is the dental formula?
I 2/2, C1/1, B2/2, M3/3 = 16
33
What on the tooth is covered by enamel
Anatomical crown
34
What is the border of enamel and cement called?
Cervical line
35
where is the neck of the tooth?
Between the anatomical crown and root
36
What anchors the tooth to alveolar sockets?
The root
37
What kind of joint is the teeth in? and what are they teeth anchored in by?
Gumphosis joints and anchored by cementum with all other collagen
38
What CN innervates the Root of the tooth?
CN5 - V3 (upper) and V2 (lower)
39
What is the hardest, densest part of the tooth? (human body)
Enamel!!!
40
Bulk of tooth - covered by enamel on the crown and cementum over root
Dentin
41
What is the center of the tooth, deep dentin that contains blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue?
Pulp cavity
42
What are the HOLE/OPENING for vessels and nerves into pulp cavity?
Apical foramina
43
What covers the root, and attaches to tissue in alveolar socket
Cementum
44
What are the collagenous fibers between cement/shock absorber that contains tactile-pressure receptive nerve endings to protect the teeth?
The Periodontal membrane
45
What is the crevice created by gingiva being gently pulled away from the crown?
Gingival sulcus
46
Where would the site of gingivitis be located?
gingival sulcus
47
the soft palate is called what?
Nasopharynx
48
The lower edge of the soft plate to the level of the hyoid is what pharynx?
Oropharynx
49
What is the aperture by which the oral cavity communicates with the pharynx?
Fauces
50
What prevents food or liquid from coming up to the nasopharynx? / Dangly thing
Uvula
51
What is the action of the palatoglossal muscle?
Pulls root of tongue upward and backward - VOLUNTARY part of swallowing/ pushes bolus towards throat
52
What are the 3 portions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
53
What is the NI and action of Musculus uvulae?
Pharyngeal plexus (10)
action = shortens and broadens during swallowing
54
What level is the Laryngopharynx located?
C6/carotid cartilage
55
Palatopharyngeus and Salpingopharyngeus are innervated by what?
Pharyngeal plexus(11 via 10)
56
Stylopharyngeus is innervated by what?
CN 9/Glossopharyngeal
57
What is the first stage of Deglutition?
Oral component - Voluntary!!
58
What is the second stage of Deglutition?
Pharyngeal component - INVOLUNTARY!!!
59
What is the third stage Deglutition?
Esophageal component - INVOLUNTARY
60
Where are the 4 places constrictions occur before joining the stomach?
1. Behind cricoid cartilage @ upper esophageal sphincter
2. Where arch of aorta crosses
3. Splitting of trachea into primary bronchus
4. Esophageal hiatus in diaphragm @ lower esophageal sphincter
61
Lower esophogeal sphincter occurs at what spinal level?
T10
62
Stomach is located in what region?
Epigastric and left hypogastric regions of abdomen
63
What supports the stomach?
The lesser omentum on the side of the lesser curvature
64
What sphincter is actually a physiological sphincter/responds to the pH of the stomach
Cardiac/esophageal sphincter
65
What sphincter guards opening of pylorus into duodenum/true esophageal sphincter?
Pyloric sphincter
66
Where is the inferior duodenal flexure?
Ascending portion (to left edge of aorta)
67
What artery and vein pass anteriorly to the horizontal portion/inferior duodenal flexure?
Superior mesenteric artery and vein
68
Where does the Ascending portion of the duodenum begin?
Begins on left edge of aorta and ascends to join jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure
69
What is the duodenojejunal flexure held in place by?
Ligament of Treitz
70
What is the proximal 2/5 of remaining small intestine?
Jejunum
71
In the small intestine, where does a lot of the absorption happen?
Jejunum
72
What is the last portion/ distal 3/5 of small intestine?
Ileum
73
What are peyers patches and where are they located?
Peyers patches are on the Ileum of the small intestine
74
What is the small intestine attached to the posterior abdominal wall by?
Mesentary proper/mesentary
75
Compared to the ileum, jejunum has/is:
wider lumen, thicker walls
Larger villi, more vascularity
Less complex arterial arcades
76
Ileocecal valve is what kind of valve?
Physiological
77
Vermaform appendix is what?
Little worm like piece hanging from the large intestine/Cecum
78
First part of the large intestine is what?
Cecum
79
From the ascending colon is what flexure?
Right colic hepatic flexure
80
What are the 3 bands of outer longitudinal smooth muscle that compress the colon?
Taenia Coli
81
When Taenia coli contract what are they forming in the large intestine?
Haustra
82
What are the edges of colon between haustra that project into lumen
Semilunar folds
83
What are the fat filled pouches of peritoneum hanging from free surface of the colon?
Appendices epiploicae
84
Rectum begins where and at what level?
At the rectosigmoid junction at level S3
85
What is the name of the 3 transverse rectal folds that project into the lumen?
Valves of Houston
86
Where does the anal canal begin?
Begins at upper surface of pelvic diaphragm to the anus
87
Where does the Clinical (surgical) anal canal begin?
Begins at the pectinate line formed by anal columns and valves
88
When does spicy food start burning on the way out?
Pectinate line
89
Sphincter ani internus is what kind of muscle contraction?
Involuntary
90
Sphincter ani externus is what of muscle contraction?
Voluntary
91
What organs/structures are retroperitoneal?
Suprarenal gland
Abdominal aorta + IVC
Duodenum (2nd & 3rd part)
Pancreas (not tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
92
Double layer of serous membrane
Mesentery
93
What ligament is part of greater oemntum between stomach and transverse colon and contains gastroepiploic vessels
Gastrocolic ligament
94
What ligament goes from the stomach to liver, and contains gastric vessels?
Hepatogastric ligament
95
What ligament goes from the duodenum to liver; contains common bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery?
Hepatoduodenal ligament
96
What ligament goes form the liver to the spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
97
What ligament goes from the spleen to the area anterior to kidney + attachments to diaphragm?
Splenorenal ligament
98
What ligament goes from liver to anterior abdominal wall/ wraps laterally around the liver and attaches at inferior surface of respiratory diaphragm?
Falciform ligament
99
What ligament goes from the liver to the diaphragm? (borders bare area)
Ant and Post. Coronary ligaments
100
What is the ligament where anterior and posterior coronary ligaments meet at their lateral extremities? (borders bare area)
L and R triangular ligaments
101
What is the largest gland and internal organ in the body besides skin?
LIVER
102
What surface of the liver is opposing respiratory diaphragm?
Diaphragmatic surface
103
What surface faces inferior and medial to the left? (everything not touching respiratory diaphragm)
Visceral surface
104
All structures entering or leaving the liver passes through what opening?
Porta Hepatis
105
How many lobes are there in the liver and what are they called?
2 main lobes 4 total
- LARGE right lobe
- Quadrate lobe
- Caudate lobe
- Small left lobe
106
What area on the liver is not covered by visceral peritoneum on posterior aspect of diaphragmatic surface
Bare area
107
What branch comes off the aorta immediately after entering the abdomen? an what are its branches if any?
Celiac trunk
- Left gastric --> esophageal branch
- Splenic artery --> Pancreatic branch,
proper splenic branch, short gastric
branch, left gastroepiploic
- Common hepatic artery --> goes to liver
108
What is the RIGHT set drainage of lymph from the Head and Neck
Deep cervical nodes in lymphatic vessels along R internal jugular vein --> Right lymphatic duct --> into venous system at junction of R subclavian and R internal jugular veins
109
What is the LEFT set drainage of lymph from the head and neck?
Deep cervical nodes in lymphatic vessels along L internal jugular vein --> thoracic duct --> into venous system at junction of L subclavian and L internal jugular veins
110
What is the L & R set drainage of lymph from the inguinal ligament?
Deep inguinal nodes --> External iliac nodes --> lumbar nodes --> Cristerna chyli of Thoracic duct --> into venous system at junction of left subclavian vein with intestinal nodes left internal jugular vein intestinal nodes
111
The cisterna chyli is the dilated, inferior part of the thoracic duct and located where?
Located at level of L2
112
What is the RIGHT side drainage of lymph from the thorax
R. bronchial and R. mediastinal nodes --> Right lymphatic duct --> into venous system at junction of R subclavian and R internal jugular veins
113
What is the LEFT set drainage of lymph from the thorax?
L. bronchial and L. mediastinal nodes --> Thoracic duct --> into venous system at junction of L. subclavian and L internal jugular veins
114
What lymph nodes drain lymphatic vessels of upper limb, external thorax, and external upper abdomen?
Axillary nodes
115
What is the Right set drainage pathway of lymph in the axillary?
R. axillary nodes --> R. subclavian nodes in lymphatic vessels along R. subclavian v. and a. --> Right lymphatic duct --> into venous system at junction of R. subclavian and R. internal jugular veins
116
What is the Left set drainage pathway of lymph in the axillary?
L. axillary nodes --> L. subclavian nodes in lymphatic vessels along L subclavian v and a. --> thoracic duct --> into venous system at junction of L. subclavian and L. internal jugular veins
117
Upper right quadrant of body drains in through what lymphatic duct?
Right Lymphatic duct
118
Everything except the upper right quadrant drains in through what lymphatic duct?
Thoracic duct
119
What portion of the stomach houses the majority of the hydrochloric acid?
Fundus
120
Fundus portion of stomach has what kind of protective compound to that prevents the stomach from eating itself?
Compound 157
121
The stomach has an intrinsic factor that protects what vitamin until it gets to the small intestine for absorption?
B12
122
What sphincter closes tightly in response to high acidity in the stomach?
Lower esophageal sphincter
123
When the lower esophageal sphincter doesn't tightly close what side effects will occur?
Esophageal reflux
124
Common bile duct and Major pancreatic duct merge together to form what before the opening into the duodenum?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater
125
What is the opening into the duodenum from the hepatopancreatic ampulla called?
Major duodenal papilla
