Digestive and Endocrine System

Question 1

4 main layers of the GI tract

Answer 1

Mucosa (3 parts)
Submucosa (CT with blood and lymph vessels, glands, and nerve plexus)
Muscularis externa (smooth muscle and nerve plexus)
Serosa or Adventitia (CT with blood/lymph vessels, nerves)

Question 2

Where is there Serosa?

Answer 2

Pleura
Pericardia
Peritoneum

Question 3

3 layers of the mucosa

Answer 3

Epthelium
Lamina propria
Lamina muscularis mucosae

Question 4

2 layers of muscle in the muscularis externa

Answer 4

Circular (inner)

Longitudinal (outer)

Question 5

What type of epithelium is in the stomach?

Answer 5

Simple columnar

Question 6

2 types of cells in the glands of the fundus and body

Answer 6

Parietal cells (form HCl)
Chief cells (form pepsinogen)

Question 7

3 ways the small intestine increases surface area

Answer 7

Permanent folds
Villi
Microvilli

Question 8

Large intestine characteristics

Answer 8

Does not have permanent folds or villi
Long intestinal glands
Many goblet cells
Water absorption

Question 9

Myenteric plexus

Answer 9

In the muscularis externae

Part of the enteric NS (autonomic)

Question 10

Organs associated with the GI tract

Answer 10

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver

Question 11

3 salivary glands and what they produce

Answer 11

Parotid (serous)
Submandibular (mixed)
Sublingual (mucous)

Question 12

Functions of saliva

Answer 12

Lubrication
Digestion of carbohydrates and lipids (amylase, lipase)
Germicidal protection (IgA, lysozyme, lactoferrin)
Teeth protection (Ca-binding proline-rich salivary proteins)

Question 13

Types of cells (and what they produce) in the endocrine portion of the pancreas

Answer 13

Islet of Langerhans
A: glucagon
B: insulin
D: somatostatin
F: pancreatic polypeptide)

Question 14

Functions of liver

Answer 14

Processing and storage of nutrients from the GI tract via portal vein
Neutralizing and eliminating toxins and drugs
Iron metabolism
Synthesis of plasma proteins, coagulation, and growth factors

Question 15

Portal triad

Answer 15

Bile duct
Portal vein
Hepatic artery

Question 16

What type of capillaries are there in the in liver?

Answer 16

Discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Question 17

What type of endothelium lines the bile duct?

Answer 17

Simple cuboidal

Question 18

Disse’s space

Answer 18

The space between the hepatocytes and the endothelial cells of the capillaries

Question 19

Kupffer Cells

Answer 19

Phagocytic cells in the sinusoids

Question 20

What is bile made of?

Answer 20

Water
Cholesterol
Bilirubin

Question 21

Names of ducts:

1. Duct from the Liver
2. Duct from the gallbladder
3. Duct that takes products from the liver and gallblader to the duodenum

Answer 21

1. Common hepatic duct
2. Cystic duct
3. Common bile duct

Question 22

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 22

hCH
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH
MSH

Question 23

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 23

ADH

Oxytocin

Question 24

Hormones from:

1. Thyroid
2. Parathyroid

Answer 24

1. T3, T4, Calcitonin (lowers Ca)

2. Parathyroid hormone (raises Ca)

Question 25

3 areas of kidney cortex and what they produce

Answer 25

1. Zona glomerulosa (mineralcorticoids) 2. Zone fasiculata (glucocorticoids) 3. Zona retiularis (androgens)

Question 26

What parts of 1. Ovaries 2. Testes produce hormones?

Answer 26

1. Theca interna | 2. Leydig cells