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d_1_g_3_5_t_i_0_n > digestive glands > Flashcards

digestive glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are the glands associated with digestion?

A

1) salivary gland
2) liver and gall bladder
3) pancreas
4) gastric gland
5) intestinal gland

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2
Q

explain salivary gland?

A

1) paratoid : adjecent + cheeks
- Stensen’s duct, drains saliva from the parotid gland into the mouth, at the area of the upper cheeks.

2) sub maxilaary or sub madnibular: below jaw
- Wharton’s duct leads from the submandibular glands to the two small openings under the tongue where saliva enters the mouth

3) sub lingual - below toung
- The duct of Rivinus connects the sublingual gland to the floor of the mouth

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3
Q

what are the disorders associated with salivar g;ands?

A

mumps: viral disease - mumps virus
- inflammation or swelling of the parotid gland
aptyalism: starch digestion does not occur in the mouth due to no production pf ptyalin

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4
Q

explain saliva.

A
  • pph:6.8
  • 1.5L/day
  • –composition:
  • Cl- ions act as co-factors
  • ​Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is a subclass of Immunoglobulin A (IgA), an antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity.
  • thiocyanate
  • (ptyalin)salivary amylase
  • isozymes
  • –neural regulation of saliva secretion:
  • parasympathetic system increases saliva secretion
  • sympathetic system decreases saliva secretion
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5
Q

parasympathetic system and sympathetic system is part of which nervouse system?

A

they are part of:

peripheral nervous system (PNS) –>automatic nervous system (ANS) –>parasympathetic system and sympathetic system.

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6
Q

what are the important gastric cells?

A

1)mucous neck cells:
secretes mucus
prevents excoriation of glands

2) CHEIF or peptic or zymogenic cells:
-produces pepsinogen
- produces prorenin, which is present on human infants and calves for acting on casein milk protein.
-
3)parietal /oxyntic:
a)gastric acid(HCL):
-convert fe+3 to FE+2
-activates pepsinogen and prorenin
b)castle’s intrinsic factor:
- essential fpr the absorption of vitamin B12

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7
Q

what is the composition og gastric gastric juice of infants?

A
  • pepsiogen
  • renin
  • lipase
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8
Q

what is endocrine cells?

A

1) argentaffin(hormone): secretes somatostatin thet inhibit the gastric juice produce.
2) G cells(hormone): stimulates the gastric cells to release their secretion

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9
Q

describe the liver.

A
  • 1.2 to 1.5 kg
  • 2 lobes joined by faci form ligament
  • below the diaphragm
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10
Q

what are Kupfer cells?

A

Kupffer cells are resident liver macrophages and play a critical role in maintaining liver functions. Under physiological conditions, they are the first innate immune cells and protect the liver from bacterial infections

-digest old red blood cells and clear the bloodstream of toxins.

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11
Q

what is Glisson’s capsule?

A

Glisson’s capsule: The capsule of the liver. A layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver and ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts within the liver.

-character of mammalian liver

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12
Q

what is a hepatic portal vein?

A

-The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver.(check diagram nb)

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13
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

-hepatocytes: produces bile juice

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14
Q

what is the structural and functional unit of liver

A

the hepatic lobule is the structural and functional unit.

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15
Q

what are bile ductules?

A
  • Bile ductules: collects bile juice from hepatocytes canaliculi and transports it into ball bladder a
  • common bile duct is guarded by the sphincter of Boyden
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16
Q

what is the gall bladder?

A

-it concentrates the bile juice

17
Q

what is hepatic sinusoids?

A

drains deoxygenated blood to the central vein.

18
Q

what is a cystic duct?

A

the duct of the gall bladder , it stores concentrated bile juice.

19
Q

bile canaliculi?

A

drain bile juice into the ductules

20
Q

what is a common hepatic duct?

A
  • A tube that carries bile from the liver. It starts where the right and left hepatic (liver) ducts join outside the liver. It ends where the cystic duct from the gall bladder joins it to form the common bile duct.
  • formed by the fusion of hepatic ducts
21
Q

what is the common bile duct?

A

-common hepatic duct fuses with cystic duct and forms common bile duct

22
Q

what is ampulla of Vater?

A

The ampulla of Vater, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla or the hepatopancreatic duct, is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct.
-it is guarded by sphincter oof oddi

23
Q

what are the functions of the liver

?

A 
1secretion of bile
20storage of fat
3)urea secretion
4)breakdown of RBCs
5) iron stored as ferritin
6)erythropoiesis(during the embryonic period only)
7)cholesterol production
24
Q

what is Enterohepatic circulation?

A

Enterohepatic circulation refers to the process liver gets deoxygenated blood rich in nutrients from
hepatic vein and oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery.

25
Q

explain bile secretion.

A
  • 700 - 1000ml
  • electrolytes and water are reabsorbed in the gall bladder concentration the bile 10 to 15 time

–bile pigments: bilirubin and biliverdin

  • -bile salts:
  • sodium glycocholate
  • sodium bicarbonate(ph-8090:responsible for basic nature
  • sodium taurocholate

–bile acid and phospholipids make cholesterol water soluble

26
Q

what is Cholelithiasis?

A

in subjects who produce bile juice supersaturated with cholesterol, cholesterol may deposit to form gall stones.

Cholelithiasis involves the presence of gallstones

27
Q

describe the pancreas.

A

it’s divided into head, neck trunk and tail

– it has two parts exocrine and endocrine

28
Q

what is Cholecystitis?

A

Cholecystitis (ko-luh-sis-TIE-tis) is inflammation of the gallbladder.

29
Q

explain the exocrine part of the pancreas?

A

1) Ducts:
a) main duct:
- - duct of wirsung:
- A large main duct, the duct of Wirsung, collects pancreatic juice and empties it into the duodenum.
- combines with hepatopancreatic ducts
- sphincter of Oddi
b) accessory duct :
- duct of santorini

2) produces alkaline pancreatic juice:
a) enzymes:
- trypsinogen
- chymotrypsinogen
- nuclease
- pancreatic amylase(amylopsin)
- pancreatic lipase9steapsin0

-PH - 8.6, 1.5 L

30
Q

what is zymogenic form?

A

A zymogen ), also called a proenzyme ), is an inactive precursor of an enzyme. eg: pepsinogen

31
Q

explain the exocrine part of the pancreas.

A

1) hormones:
- B cells: insulin
- S cells - somatostatin
- alpha cells - glucagon
- F cells- pancreatic polypeptide

32
Q

explain burner’s gland.

A

Brunner’s glands are located in the submucosa of the duodenum. They secrete an alkaline fluid containing mucin, which protects the mucosa from the acidic stomach contents entering the duodenum

33
Q

explain the secretion in the small intestine?

A
  • contains crypts of leibherkhun also known as intestinal gland
  • secretes intestinal juices or succus entricus
  • PH: 8.5
  • -composition:
    -succus entrcus
    -lipase
    amylase
    -lactase
    -sucrase
    -maltase
    -amino peptidase
    -nucleotidase
    -nucleosidases
    etc.
34
Q

what is the capacity of the gall bladder?

A

30 - 50ml

35
Q

what type of gland is pancreas?

A

mixed gland

d_1_g_3_5_t_i_0_n (6 decks)

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