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Histology & Embryology🔬 > Digestive Glands > Flashcards

Digestive Glands Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Components of digestive glands

A
  • large salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gall bladder
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2
Q

Function: salivary gland

A

Produce saliva

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3
Q

Function: pancreas

A

Produce digestive enzymes and hormones

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4
Q

Function: liver

A

Produce bile, metabolism, synthesize blood proteins, etc.

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5
Q

Function: gall bladder

A

Store and concentrate bile

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6
Q

Two parts of the exocrine glands

A
  1. Secretory part
  2. Duct system
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7
Q

Compound glands have

A

Branching ducts

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8
Q

Compound tubuloacinar glands that exist in three large pairs

A

Salivary glands

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9
Q

Three major types of salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
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10
Q

Two types of secretory cells in salivary glands

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucous
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11
Q

Function: serous cell

A
  • Protein secreting cell (enzyme)
  • secretion is washiness
  • serous cells form serous acini
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12
Q

Function: mucous cell

A
  • secrete mucoproteins
  • secretion is viscid
  • mucous cells form the mucous acini
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13
Q

Composed of both serous and mucous cells, mainly mucous acinus with a serous demilune

A

Mixed acinus

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14
Q
  • Found within the basal lamina of secretory acini and intercalated ducts.
  • Stellate or spindle in shape
  • function:
    1. Contraction: helping to squeeze out secretion
    2. Prevention
A

Myoepithelial cell

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15
Q

Ducts involved in the duct system of salivary glands

A
  1. Intercalated duct
  2. Striated duct
  3. Interlobular duct
  4. Major secretory duct
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16
Q

Epithelium in the salivary glands duct system

A
  1. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. Flat
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17
Q

LM: nucleus is near the cell apex; cytoplasm is acidophilic
EM: basal striations formed by membrane infolding and mitochondria
Function: transport water and ions; reabsorbing sodium and excreting potassium

A

Striated duct (secretory duct)

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18
Q

Branched acinar gland made entirely of serous acini with longer intercalated duct and striated duct to secrete products mainly containing salivary amylase

A

Parotid gland

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19
Q

Branched tubuloacinar gland that has a mixed component (mixed gland) with more serous acini and less mixed or mucous acini

A

Submandibular gland

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20
Q

Branched tubuloacinar gland with mainly mucous acini that exist without intercalated duct

A

Sublingual gland

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21
Q

Elongated organ having a head, body and tail with a capsule and septa of connective tissues; parenchyma organ with lobules

A

Pancreas

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22
Q

Pancreas divided into two portions

A
  1. Endocrine portion
  2. Exocrine portion
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23
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas

A

Contains entirely serous acini
- serous cells have basophilic basal cytoplasm
- rich in RER
- golgi complex
- zymogen granules in apical cytoplasm

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24
Q

Difference with pancreas and salivary glands

A
  • no myoepithelial cells
  • centroacinar cells are small, pale stained cells in the lumen of acini which are from cells of the intercalated ducts
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25
Intralobular duct of the pancreatic gland is comprised of
Cuboidal
26
Interlobular duct of the pancreatic gland is comprised of
Columnar
27
Main pancreatic duct of the pancreatic gland is comprised of
High columnar with goblet cells
28
Function: exocrine portion of pancreatic gland
1. Secrete pancreatic juice
29
When proenzymes are abnormally activated and digest the whole pancreas leading to very serious complications (not a bacterial infection; related more to alcoholism, gallstones, metabolic factors, infection, drugs)
Acute pancreatitis
30
Endocrine portion of the pancreas is called
Islet of Langerhans
31
Appears as a cluster of cells embedded within the exocrine portion and is more abundant in the tail of the pancreas - cells are polygonal or rounded; lightly stained, arranged in cords separated by a network of fenestrated capillaries
Endocrine portion of Pancreatic Gland
32
Major types of cells in immunology
A cells 20% B cells 70% D cells 5% Others 5%
33
B-cells produce the hormone
Insulin
34
Function: Insulin
Decrease glucose content in blood
35
A-cells produce the hormone
Glucagon
36
Function: Glucagon
Increases glucose content in blood
37
A-cells are located in the (Alpha cells)
Periphery
38
B-cells are located in the (Beta cells)
Central region
39
D-cells are located
Scattered
40
D-cells produce the hormone (Delta cells)
Somatostatin
41
Function: somatostatin
Prevents (inhibits) the release of pancreatic hormones including insulin, glucagon and gastrin and pancreatic enzymes that aid in digestion
42
A disease in which the body’s production and use of **insulin is impaired** As a result, the level of blood glucose is too high (hyperglycemia)
Diabetes Mellitus
43
Most common types of diabetes
1. Type I diabetes 2. Type II diabetes 3. Gestational diabetes
44
Insulin- dependent and results from partial or total destruction of B-cells due to autoimmune disease. It occurs more in children (juvenile diabetes)
Type I diabetes
45
Insulin-independent diabetes and is frequently associated with obesity. It occurs at a later stage in life
Type II diabetes
46
Parenchymal organ having the **Glission’s capsule** and a hilum
Liver
47
Parts of the liver lobule
- central vein - liver plates formed by hepatocyte - liver sinusoid - others
48
Basic structural unit of the portal area of liver
- Interlobular arteries - Interlobular veins - Interlobular bile duct
49
Function: liver
1. Produce bile 2. Lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism 3. Inactivate and metabolize toxic substances and drugs 4. Iron metabolites and synthesis of plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen)
50
Basic structural unit of the liver that is a polygon shaped mass of tissue
Hepatic lobule
51
Composition of liver lobule
1. Central vein 2. Liver plates 3. Liver sinusoids 4. Perisinusoidal space (space of Disse) 5. Bile canaliculi
52
Occupies the center of the liver lobule, lined by endothelium and a few connective tissues. - receive blood drainage directly from the sinusoid
Central vein
53
Composed of a single row of hepatocytes
Liver plates
54
- Form liver plates or liver cords - Polyhedral shape - Eosinophilic cytoplasm - 1 or 2 lathe rounded nuclei with 1 or 2 nucleoli
LM: Hepatocytes
55
**Probably the most versatile cell**
Hepatocyte
56
Function: hepatocytes (mitochondria)
Provide the energy
57
Function: hepatocytes (RER)
Synthesize plasma proteins
58
Function: hepatocytes (golgi complex)
Formation of bile and lipoprotein
59
Function: hepatocytes (SER)
- synthesize bile, triglyceride
60
Function: hepatocytes (lysosomes)
- Metabolism of hepatocytes and renewal of organelles - transport of bilirubin - storage of iron
61
Under LM: Liver sinusoid is situated between the hepatic plates and is composed solely of
Endothelial cells
62
Under EM: endothelial cells of liver sinusoid are
- Thin - Discontinuous - Fenestrated - No basal lamina
63
Located in the lumen of liver sinusoid which belong to mononuclear phagocytic system. - irregular, phagocytic and contain a number of lysosomes
**Kupffer cells**
64
Function: kupffer cells
- Recognize and phagocytose aged erythrocytes, freeing heme and iron for reuse or storage in ferritin complexes. - Antigen-presenting cells - Remove any bacteria or debris present in the portal blood
65
Space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes containing fluid similar to plasma, microvilli from the hepatocytes, reticular fibers and fat-storing cells
Space of Disse
66
Function: space of Disse
Site of materials exchange between blood and hepatocytes
67
Fat-storing cells are also called
Ito’s cells
68
In chronically diseased liver, fat-storing cells are activated by factors released by hepatocytes and kupffer cells. The activated fat-storing cells proliferate and can produce many collagenous fibers and cause fibrosis and
Hepatic cirrhosis
69
- Formed by indented plasma membranes of opposing hepatocytes - Microvilli extend into canalicular lumen which contains bile (secretion of liver)
Bile canaliculi
70
Common symptom of liver disease
Jaundice
71
Interlobular veins are branches of the
Portal vein
72
Interlobular arteries are branches of the
Hepatic artery
73
Blood drains from the peripheral regions of the liver to the
Central part of the liver
74
Discharge way of **bile**
Bile canaliculi —> Hering’s canals —> Interlobular bile ducts —> Hepatic duct —> common bile duct —> duodenum *common bile duct —> gall bladder
75
Three functional surfaces of hepatocyte
1. Bile canaliculi 2. Plasma 3. Intercellular

Histology & Embryology🔬 (12 decks)

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