Digestive Physiology

Question 1

Nutrient Requirements?

Answer 1

water, energy, protein, vitamins and minerals

Question 2

How do animals get these nutrients?

Answer 2

through physiological and behavioral mechanisms

Question 3

Prehension

Answer 3

picking up the food; using teeth, tongue, and lips

Question 4

Mastication

Answer 4

chewing/grinding the food; using teeth

Question 5

Digestion

Answer 5

chemical and microbial

Question 6

absorbtion

Answer 6

absorbing the nutrients for use

Question 7

food

Answer 7

for humans and companion animals

Question 8

feed

Answer 8

for livestock

Question 9

Carnivores eat?

Answer 9

meat

Question 10

Primary carnivore digestion?

Answer 10

chemical, microbial is very limited

Question 11

Omnivores eat?

Answer 11

meat and highly digestible plant components

Question 12

Primary omnivore digestion?

Answer 12

chemical, microbial is limited based on species

Question 13

Herbivores eat?

Answer 13

plant materials (low digestibility)

Question 14

Primary herbivore digestion?

Answer 14

microbial

Question 15

Secondary herbivore digestion?

Answer 15

chemical

Question 16

4 Primary Digestive Tract Types?

Answer 16

monogastric, ruminant, horse, avian

Question 17

Who has monogastric?

Answer 17

carnivores and herbivores

ex. swine

Question 18

Who has ruminant?

Answer 18

herbivores

ex. cattle

Question 19

Who are nonruminant herbivores?

Answer 19

horses and rabbits

Question 20

Who has modified monogastric?

Answer 20

avian:
carnivore
omnivore
granivore
frugivore
insectivore

Question 21

Who has longest intestinal tract?

Answer 21

herbivores, because their diet is more complex, and needs more room to break down and absorb nutrients

Question 22

Who has shortest intestinal tract?

Answer 22

carnivores, meat protein is very digestible

Question 23

Mucous cells secrete?

Answer 23

an alkaline mucus that protects epithelium against shear stress and acid

Question 24

Parietal cells secrete?

Answer 24

hydrochloric acid

Question 25

Chief cells secrete?

Answer 25

pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme

Question 26

G cells secrete?

Answer 26

gastrin, a hormone

Question 27

What happens in the proximal small intestine?

Answer 27

digestion

Question 28

What happens in the distal small intestine?

Answer 28

nutrient absorbtion

Question 29

What is the cecum also called?

Answer 29

the blind pouch

Question 30

What does the appendix do?

Answer 30

no known function

Question 31

What does the large intestine do?

Answer 31

water metabolism

Question 32

What is the order that food follows through the ruminant stomach

Answer 32

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Question 33

what happens in the rumen?

Answer 33

microbial digestion, VFA's released, looks like a shag carpet

Question 34

what happens in the reticulum?

Answer 34

trap large/unwanted particles and form bolus that is regurgitated through esophagus into mouth for further mastication, thick, honey comb walls

Question 35

what happens in the omasum?

Answer 35

any particles that made it through the reticulum are trapped, and water absorption in the many folds

Question 36

what happens in the abomasum?

Answer 36

chemical digestion, also called the true stomach, smotth walled

Question 37

what is the difference between the cecum of nonruminant herbivores and everyone else?

Answer 37

nonruminant herbivores' cecum is where their microbial digestion takes place and VFA's are released

Question 38

what is the difference between the cecum of modified monogastric's and everyone else?

Answer 38

modified monogastric animals have two cecums, called ceca

Question 39

what is the order of passage of feed through the modified monogastric system?

Answer 39

esophagus, crop, preventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, ceca, large intestine, cloaca

Question 40

what happens in the crop?

Answer 40

storage and softening through moisture

Question 41

what happens in the proventriculus?

Answer 41

chemical digestion, this is the stomach of the system

Question 42

what happens in the gizzard?

Answer 42

mastication, or mechanical digestion by two super strong muscles that can grind up rocks

Question 43

what happens in the ceca?

Answer 43

SOME microbial digestion, but not a lot

Question 44

what is excreted through the cloaca?

Answer 44

feces and urine mixed together

Question 45

what is the digestive capacity of bovines?

Answer 45

up to 80 gallons at a time

Question 46

what is the digestive capacity of equines?

Answer 46

up to 35 gallons at a time

Question 47

who are the hindgut fermentors?

Answer 47

nonruminant herbivores