Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
define estrus
A
period of receptivity to be bred (heat)
2
Q
define ovulation
A
release of an ovum from a follicle
3
Q
define follicle
A
structure on the ovary that contains the ovum
4
Q
define estrOus cycle
A
all physiological events that occur from one ovulation to the next
5
Q
define oviposition
A
the process of laying an egg
6
Q
define gestation
A
pregnancy and development of the fetus
7
Q
define incubation
A
development of the fetus outside the body
8
Q
define parturition
A
birthing process
9
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for cows?
A
21 d
10
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for ewes?
A
17d
11
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for mares?
A
21d
12
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for sows?
A
21d
13
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for bitches?
A
6-7 months
14
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for queens?
A
18d
15
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for doe (rabbits)?
A
19d
16
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for humans?
A
NOT, we have a menstrual cycle
17
Q
how long is the estrous cycle for chickens?
A
they don’t have one
18
Q
how long is gestation for cows?
A
285d
19
Q
how long is gestation for ewes?
A
147d
20
Q
how long is gestation for mares?
A
336d
21
Q
how long is gestation for sows?
A
114d
22
Q
how long is gestation for bitches?
A
65d
23
Q
how long is gestation for queens?
A
52d
24
Q
how long is gestation for doe (rabbits)?
A
31d
25
how long is gestation for humans?
270d
26
how long is gestation for chickens?
none
27
what are the three types of uteri?
duplex, bicornuate, simplex
28
describe a duplex uterus and list two animals who have it
two cervices; marsupials, rabbits
29
describe the two types of bicornuate uteri
poorly to moderately developed uterine horns, and highly developed uterine horns
30
list two animals with poorly to moderately developed bicornuate uteri and why they have that type
mares, cows; they have 1-2 offspring only
31
list three animals with highly developed bicornuate uteri and why they have that type
bitches, queens, sows; they have larger litters
32
describe a simplex uterus and who has it
no uterine horns, primates
33
what is the function of the ovaries?
form the follicles, produce estrogen and progesterone, and form the ovum
34
what happens to the ovulating follicle as the cycle progresses?
it ruptures and forms the corpus luteum
35
describe the exocrine functions of the ovaries
ovum production, main reproductive organ
36
describe the endocrine functions of the ovaries, and the structures involved
the follicles have follicular cells that produce E2, estrogen, and Theca Interna, that produce testosterone, T, and the Corpus Luteum produces progesterone, P4
37
how many parts are there to the oviduct and what are they?
3, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
38
how many functions are there to the oviduct and what are they?
3, transport, sight of fertilization, nutrition
39
what type of cells are in the oviduct and why?
ciliated columnar cells to grab and pull the egg along
40
what are the 4 functions of the uterus?
transport, NUTRIENTS, site of gestation, endocrine
41
where is the cervix located?
below the uterine body
42
what is the function of the cervix?
physical barrier to protect uterus
43
what is special about a cow's cervix?
they have rings/folds to weed out bad sperms and further protect their uterus
44
what is special about a sow's uterus?
they have interdigitating protrusions that make a corkscrew to match the boar's glans penis
45
what is the function of the vagina?
semen deposition EXCEPT IN SOWS, theirs is in the cervix
46
what type of epithelium is in the vagina?
columnar and stratified squamous
47
what are the four stages of the estrous cycle?
proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus
48
what happens in proestrus?
formation of ovulatory follicles and E2 secretion
49
what happens in estrus?
sexual receptivity and peak E2 secretion
50
what happens in metestrus?
corpus luteum formation and beginning of P4 secretion
51
what happens in diestrus?
sustained luteal secretion of P4
52
what is an embryo?
the early mass of cells
53
what is a fetus?
an attached and recognizable organism
54
what are the 5 function of the placenta?
1. exchange of nutrients/waste
2. CO2/O2 exchange
3. hydraulic dampener
4. cervical dilation
5. lubrication
4 and 5 happen in parturition
55
what is the chorion?
the wall from the embryo that fuses with the placenta
56
what are the 4 types of placenta?
diffuse, zonary, cotyledonary, discoid
57
describe a diffuse placenta and list two animals who have it
chorionic villi connections distributed throughout; horses, pigs
58
describe a zonary placenta and list two animals who have it
placental connections concentrated in bands/zones; cats, dogs
59
describe a contyledonary placenta and list the classification of animals who have it
half-circle placental attachments; ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats)
60
describe a discoid placenta and list two animals who have it
one main site of placental connection; humans, primates
61
does every animal have the same pregnancy length?
hell no, varies by species
62
what is stage 1 of the parturition process?
cervical dilation, causes discomfort
63
what is stage 2 of the parturition process?
fetal expulsion, when heifers calve in, it takes twice the time
64
what is stage three of the parturition process?
membrane expulsion
65
how do most animals present at birth?
front feet, then head
66
should you ever pull on the fetal placenta?
NO. especially in cattle because of cotyledonary placenta
67
what is it called when conditions aren't right during parturition?
dystocia
68
what causes dystocia?
birthweight,
size of dam,
condition of dam: over/underweight is bad
malpresentation: comes out wrong way
69
what is special about the female avian repro tract?
they only have the left ovary, and all their structures have slightly different functions
70
what does the avian infundibulum do?
egg pickup, sperm storage and fertilization
71
what does the avian magnum do?
albumin/white part secretion
72
what does the avian isthmus do?
formation of shell membranes
73
what does the avian uterus do?
shell formation
74
what does the cloaca do?
only way out
75
how long can avians store sperm in their special pouch, and how do they get it up to fertilize the egg when needed?
up to ten days, and by muscle contractions
76
what is incubation?
avian embryo development
77
what are the 6 ways we manage reproduction?
1. castration
2. controlled/limited breeding season
3. estrous synchronization
4. artificial insemination
5. pregnancy diagnosis
6. embryo transfer/IVF
