Digestive Sys

Question 1

What is the division of the foregut?

Answer 1

oropharyngeal membrane –> caudal maj. duodenal papilla

Question 2

What is the division of the midgut?

Answer 2

duodenum, small intestine, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Question 3

What is the division of the hindgut?

Answer 3

distal 1/3 of the transverse colon –> cloacal membrane

Question 4

Describe the retinoic acid gradient

Answer 4

Low in pharynx, High in colon

Question 5

SHH regulates the expression of ______

Answer 5

HOX genes

Question 6

HOX 9 - 10

Answer 6

small intestine

Question 7

HOX 9 -11

Answer 7

cecum

Question 8

HOX 9 - 12

Answer 8

large intestine

Question 9

Hox 9 -13

Answer 9

cloaca

Question 10

Define mesentery

Answer 10

double layer of peritoneum (mesodermal lining), that suspends organs from dorsal or ventral body wall

Question 11

Organs that are suspended in the peritoneal cavity are called

Answer 11

intraperitoneal organs

Question 12

organs that form between mesentery and posterior body wall are called

Answer 12

retroperitoneal or primary retroperitoneal organs

Question 13

organs the form within mesentery that later fuses with posterior body wall and form fascia are called

Answer 13

secondary retroperitoneal organs

Question 14

Where and when is the respiratory diverticulum formed?

Answer 14

ventral wall of foregut in pharyngeal region at week 4

Question 15

How does the stomach rotate?

Answer 15

90 degrees clockwise around the vertical axis

Question 16

Which side of the stomach does the R. vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 16

posterior surface

Question 17

Which side of the stomach does the L. vagus nerve innervate?

Answer 17

anterior surface

Question 18

When does the stomach dialation of the foregut occur?

Answer 18

4th week

Question 19

Describe the fate of the dorsal and ventral side of the stomach.

Answer 19

Dorsal side (greater curvature) ends up on left, ventral side (lesser curvature ends up on right side.

Question 20

What rotation causes the pylorus to be anterior to the right?

Answer 20

45 degree rotation in the coronal plane

Question 21

When and from what does the spleen form?

Answer 21

5th week it forms from the cells between the 2 layers of the dorsalmesogastrium

Question 22

What does the lesser omentum connect?

Answer 22

the liver and duodenum to the lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 23

What does the greater omentum cover?

Answer 23

transverse colon and small intestine

Question 24

What does the falciform ligament attach and what does it form?

Answer 24

it attaches the liver to the anterior body wall, and forms the ventral mesogastrium

Question 25

What is the epiploic foramen of winslow?

Answer 25

a passageway that connects lesser sac (omental bursa) w/ greater sac (peritoneal cavity)

Question 26

What is the clinical significance of the pringle maneuver? what does it help assess?

Answer 26

It can control bleeding from liver, assesses whether bleeding is from injury to hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery OR hepatic vein and IVC

Question 27

the duodenum forms from what parts of the gut tube?

Answer 27

caudal part of the foregut, cranial part of the midgut

Question 28

where does the duodenum receive its blood supply?

Answer 28

from both the celiac and superior mesentery artery

Question 29

The duodenum recieves secretions from?

Answer 29

liver and pancrease via the common bile duct

Question 30

describe the rotation of the duodenum

Answer 30

90 degrees around the longitudinal axis

Question 31

When do the gall bladder and liver form and what is the outgrowth called?

Answer 31

week 3 -- hepatic diverticulum

Question 32

What are the outgrowths that form the pancreas called?

Answer 32

the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds

Question 33

What does fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) do?

Answer 33

it removes the supression of expression of liver-specific genes in the ectoderm, mesoderm, and notochord

Question 34

What does the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) do?

Answer 34

enhances the ability of foregut response to FGF2

Question 35

What does PDX do?

Answer 35

it is up-regulated when liver is formed

Question 36

What do PAX4 and PAX6 do?

Answer 36

specify lineages of endocrine cells of pancreas

Question 37

What is the physiologial umbilical herniation? When does it form?

Answer 37

At week 6 the midgut is a single loop that projects into the umbilical cord

Question 38

Describe the rotation of the midgut

Answer 38

It rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery

Question 39

When do the intestinal loops return to the abdominal cavity?

Answer 39

10th week

Question 40

When does the cecum form?

Answer 40

6th week

Question 41

What is volvulus?

Answer 41

twisting of intestines that can cause blockage and ischemia of the intestine

Question 42

What is the ligament of Treitz?

Answer 42

suspensory ligament of duodenum that connects duodenum to diaphragm

Question 43

Why does the midgut rotate?

Answer 43

to span out SMA and avoid stragulation of artery

Question 44

What is indicative of omphalocoele?

Answer 44

increased alpha fetoprotein and decrease of AChE in amniotic fluid

Question 45

What is omphalocoele?

Answer 45

failure of intestines to return to abdominal cavity after physiological herniation

Question 46

What is gastrochisis?

Answer 46

projection of abdominal contents directly into amniotic cavity due to abnormal closure of anterior body wall near connecting stalk--lateral to umbilicus

Question 47

What is the urogenital sinus formed from and what does it become?

Answer 47

allantois --> future bladder

Question 48

What does the urorectal septum seperate?

Answer 48

urogenital sinus from hind gut

Question 49

How is the anal canal formed?

Answer 49

proctoderm merges with the endoderm of hindgut

Question 50

What does the pectinate line divide?

Answer 50

it creates a junction between endodermal and ectodermal portions of the anal canal --> different innervation, blood supply, and lymph drainage

Question 51

What causes imperforate anus?

Answer 51

the cloacal membrane does not breakdown -->failure of superior (hindgut) and inferior (ectodermal) anal canal