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digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

The digestive or gastrointestinal system performs four main functions:

A

ingestion
digestion
•absorption
•elimination

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2
Q

Ingestion

A

food material taken into mouth

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3
Q

Digestion

A

food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

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4
Q

Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients.

A
  • Proteins → amino acids
  • Sugars → glucose
  • Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
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5
Q

Absorption

A

Digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of the small intestine.
•Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
•Cells burn nutrients to release the energy stored in food.

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6
Q

Elimination

A
  • The body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
  • The large intestine concentrates feces.
  • The wastes pass out of the body through the anus.
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7
Q

Organs of the Digestive System

A

The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral cavity.

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8
Q

Besides producing bile, the liver:

A
  • Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels •Manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting •Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile
  • Removes toxins and poisons from the blood
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9
Q

What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the body and remains in the bloodstream?

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

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10
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Endocrine function: insulin in bloodstream cell

Exocrine function: enzymes in duodenum for digestion

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11
Q

Which term is the first part of the large intestine?

A

Cecum

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12
Q

Which term means swallowing?

A

Deglutition

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13
Q

absorption

A

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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14
Q

amino acids

A

Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested

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15
Q

amylase

A

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

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16
Q

anus

A

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of body

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17
Q

appendix

A

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum

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18
Q

bile

A

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

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19
Q

bilirubin

A

Pigment released by the liver in bile

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20
Q

bowel

A

Intestine

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21
Q

canine teeth

A

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

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22
Q

cecum

A

First part of the large intestine

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23
Q

colon

A

Consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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24
Q

common bile duct

A

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus

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25
defecation
Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
26
deglutition
Swallowing
27
dentin
Primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
28
duodenum
First part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long
29
elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body
30
emulsification
Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules
31
enamel
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
32
enzyme
Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in –ase
33
esophagus
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach
34
fatty acids
Substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids
35
feces
Solid wastes; stool
36
gallbladder
Small sac under the liver; stores bile
37
glucose
Simple sugar
38
glycogen
Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
39
hydrochloric acid
Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
40
ileum
Third part of the small intestine
41
incisor
One of four front teeth in the dental arch
42
insulin
Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
43
jejunum
Second part of the small intestine
44
lipase
Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats
45
liver
Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2 ½ to 3 pounds
46
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter
47
mastication
Chewing
48
molar teeth
Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
49
palate
Roof of the mouth
50
pancreas
Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
51
papillae (singular: papilla)
Small, projections on the tongue
52
parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
53
peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
54
pharynx
Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
55
portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
56
protease
Enzyme that digests protein
57
pulp
Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
58
pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
59
pylorus
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
60
rectum
Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
61
rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
62
saliva
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase
63
salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
64
sigmoid colon
Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
65
stomach
Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
66
triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids
67
uvula
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
68
villi (singular: villus)
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
69
Which term means inflammation of the lip?
Cheilitis
70
Anorexia
lack of appetite
71
Ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
72
Borborygmi
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
73
Constipation
difficulty in passing stools
74
Diarrhea
frequent passage of loose, watery stool
75
Dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing
76
Eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth
77
Flatus
gas expelled through the anus
78
Hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
79
Jaundice (icterus)
yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
80
Melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
81
Nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
82
Steatorrhea
fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
83
Aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers
84
Dental caries
tooth decay
85
Herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth by infection with the herpes virus
86
Oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches
87
Periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone
88
Achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
89
Esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
90
Gastric carcinoma
malignant tumor of the stomach
91
Esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
92
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
93
Peptic ulcer
open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum
94
Hernia
protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it
95
Anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
96
Colonic polyposis
polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
97
Colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both
98
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
99
Diverticulosis
abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall
100
Dysentery
painful, inflamed intestines
101
Hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
102
Ileus
failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
103
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) –
inflammation of the colon and small intestine
104
Intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
105
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome – group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
106
Ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with the presence of ulcers
107
Volvulus
twisting of the intestines on itself
108
Cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
109
Hepatocellular carcinomaq (HCC)
liver cancer
110
Pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
111
Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
112
Viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
113
Cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder

the digestive system (3 decks)

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