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HAP LAB > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

o Passage of nutrients into the blood

A

• Absorption

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2
Q

Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

A
  • Lips
  • Cheeks
  • Hard palate
  • Soft palate
  • Uvula
  • Vestibule
  • Oral cavity
  • Tongue
  • Tonsils
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3
Q

Organs of the Digestive System Two main groups

A

Alimentary canal and Accessory digestive organs

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4
Q

Organs of the Alimentary Canal

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Anus
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5
Q

o Breakdown of ingested food

A

• Digestion

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6
Q

forms the posterior roof

A

Soft palate

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7
Q

protect the anterior opening

A

Lips (labia)

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8
Q

form the lateral walls

A

Cheeks

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9
Q

o Production of cellular energy (ATP)

A

• Metabolism

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10
Q

fleshy projection of the soft palate

A

Uvula

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11
Q

space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally

A

vestibule

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12
Q

area contained by the teeth

A

Oral cavity

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13
Q

two types of tonsils

A

o Palatine tonsils

o Lingual tonsil

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14
Q

attached at hyoid and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum

A

Tongue

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15
Q

Pharynx Function

A

• Serves as a passageway for air and food
• Food is propelled to the esophagus by two muscle layers
o Longitudinal inner layer
o Circular outer layer
• Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers (peristalsis)

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16
Q

Process of the Mouth

A
  • Mastication (chewing) of food
  • Mixing masticated food with saliva
  • Initiation of swallowing by the tongue
  • Allowing for the sense of taste
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17
Q

Pharynx Anatomy

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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19
Q

not part of the digestive system

A

Nasopharynx

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20
Q

o Outermost layer – visceral peritoneum

o Layer of serous fluid-producing cells

A

Serosa

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21
Q

forms the anterior roof

A

Hard palate

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22
Q

• Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
• Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing)
• Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)r

A

Esophagus

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23
Q 
o	Innermost layer
o	Moist membrane
	Surface epithelium
	Small amount of connective tissue 
(lamina propria)
	Small smooth muscle layer
A

Mucosa

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24
Q

posterior to oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

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25
Q

– continuous coiled hollow tube

A

Alimentary canal

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26
Layers of Altimetry Canal organs
Mucosa Submucosa Muscular externa Serosa
27
Smooth muscle o Inner circular layer o Outer longitudinal layer
Muscularis externa
28
internal folds of the mucosa
Rugae
29
below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
30
where food enters in the stomach
cardio esophageal sphincter
31
• Food empties into the
small intestine at the pyloric sphincter
32
• Regions of the stomach
o Cardiac region – near the heart o Fundus o Body o Phylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end
33
o Just beneath the mucosa | o Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics
Submucosa
33
Location of Stomach
left side of the abdominal cavity
34
• External regions of the stomach
o Lesser curvature | o Greater curvature
35
• Layers of peritoneum attached to the stomach
o Lesser omentum o Greater omentum o Contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs
36
produce hydrochloric acid
o Parietal cells
37
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
o Chief cells
38
Stomach Functions
* Acts as a storage tank for food * Site of food breakdown * Chemical breakdown of protein begins * Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine
40
produce a sticky alkaline mucus
Mucous neck cells
41
attaches the greater curvature to the posterior body wall
Greater omentum
42
attaches the liver to the lesser curvature
Lesser omentum
43
• Simple columnar epithelium are:
``` Mucous neck cells Gastric gland Chief cells Parietal cells endocrine cells ```
43
secrete gastric juice
Gastric gland
44
• The body’s major digestive organ
Small intestine
45
o Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
• Jejunum
46
Specialized Mucosa of the Stomach
• Simple columnar epithelium
46
produce gastrin
o Endocrine cells
48
o Extends from jejunum to large intestine
• Ileum
49
Structure of the Stomach Mucosa
* Gastric pits formed by folded mucosa | * Glands and specialized cells are in the gastric gland region
50
Subdivision of the Small Intestine
* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum
51
Small intestine is • Suspended from the
posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
53
* Small projections of the plasma membrane | * Found on absorptive cells
Microvilli of the Small Intestine
54
• Muscular tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
Small intestine
54
o Attached to the stomach | o Curves around the head of the pancreas
• Duodenum
55
Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine
• Bile enters from the gall bladder • Source of enzymes that are mixed with chyme o Intestinal cells o Pancreas
57
* Called circular folds or plicae circulares * Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa * Do not disappear when filled with food * The submucosa has Peyer’s patches (collections of lymphatic tissue)
Folds of the Small Intestine
58
• Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
Small intestine
58
Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients
* Absorptive cells * Blood capillaries * Lacteals (specialized lymphatic capillaries)
59
* Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine | * Frames the internal abdomen
Large Intestine
60
* Fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa | * Give the small intestine more surface area
Villi of the Small Intestine
61
Digestion in the Small Intestine
• Enzymes from the brush border o Break double sugars into simple sugars o Complete some protein digestion • Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function o Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase) o Carry out about half of all protein digestion (trypsin, etc.) • Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function (continued) o Responsible for fat digestion (lipase) o Digest nucleic acids (nucleases) o Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme
62
Functions of the Large Intestine
* Absorption of water * Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces * Does not participate in digestion of food * Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant
63
Colon
o Ascending o Transverse o Descending o S-shaped sigmoidal
64
Propulsion in the Small Intestine
• Peristalsis is the major means of moving food • Segmental movements o Mix chyme with digestive juices o Aid in propelling food
65
o Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) o Hangs from the cecum
Appendix
66
Structures of the Large Intestine
- Cecum - Appendix - Colon - Rectum - Anus
67
saclike first part of the large intestine
Cecum
68
external body opening
Anus
69
Salivary Glands
• Saliva-producing glands o Parotid glands – located anterior to ears o Submandibular glands o Sublingual glands
70
Absorption in the Small Intestine
• Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine • End products of digestion o Most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell membranes o Lipids are absorbed by diffusion • Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein or lymph
71
Accessory Digestive Organs
* Salivary glands * Teeth * Pancreas * Liver * Gall bladder
72
* Mixture of mucus and serous fluids * Helps to form a food bolus * Contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion * Dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted
Saliva
73
Classification of Teeth
* Incisors * Canines * Premolars * Molars
74
Regions of Tooth
- Crown - Neck - Root
75
exposed part of the tooth
crown
76
Food Breakdown and Absorption in the Large Intestine
• No digestive enzymes are produced • Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients o Produce some vitamin K and B o Release gases • Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed • Remaining materials are eliminated via feces
78
Location of liver
right side of the body under the diaphragm
79
Teeth
• The role is to masticate (chew) food • Humans have two sets of teeth o Deciduous (baby or milk) teeth o 20 teeth are fully formed by age two • Permanent teeth o Replace deciduous teeth beginning between the ages of 6 to 12 o A full set is 32 teeth, but some people do not have wisdom teeth
80
o Region in contact with the gum | o Connects crown to root
Neck (tooth)
81
• Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament
Liver
82
moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another
Propulsion
83
o End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph o Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries
Absorption
84
Propulsion in the Large Intestine
• Sluggish peristalsis • Mass movements o Slow, powerful movements o Occur three to four times per day • Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex o Internal anal sphincter is relaxed o Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter
86
crown (tooth)
o Outer enamel o Dentin o Pulp cavity
87
o Periodontal membrane attached to the bone | o Root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves
Root (tooth)
87
• Largest gland in the body
Liver
89
• Produced by cells in the liver
Bile
90
Processes of the Digestive System
``` Ingestion Propulsion Peristalsis Segmentation Mechanical digestion Chemical Digestion Absorption Defecation ```
91
Composition of bile
``` o Bile salts o Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin) o Cholesterol o Phospholipids o Electrolytes ```
92
substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair
• Nutrient
93
moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing
Segmentation
94
getting food into the mouth
Ingestion
96
o Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks o Each major food group uses different enzymes  Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars  Proteins are broken to amino acids  Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols
chemical digestion
97
* Sac found in hollow fossa of liver * Stores bile from the liver by way of the cystic duct * Bile is introduced into the duodenum in the presence of fatty food * Gallstones can cause blockages
Gall Bladder
98
Liver is connected to the gall bladder via the
common hepatic duct
98
Role of the Liver in Metabolism
* Several roles in digestion * Detoxifies drugs and alcohol * Degrades hormones * Produce cholesterol, blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins) * Plays a central role in metabolism
98
alternating waves of contraction
Peristalsis
99
o Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue o Churning of food in the stomach o Segmentation in the small intestine
• Mechanical digestion
99
Control of Digestive Activity
• Mostly controlled by reflexes via the parasympathetic division • Chemical and mechanical receptors are located in organ walls that trigger reflexes • Stimuli include: o Stretch of the organ o pH of the contents o Presence of breakdown products • Reflexes include: o Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions o Smooth muscle activity
100
o Elimination of indigestible substances as feces
defecation
101
o Energy output
 Heat is usually about 60% |  Storage energy is in the form of fat or glycogen
102
total energy output (heat + work + energy storage)
o Energy intake
103
• Categories of nutrients
o Carbohydrates: simple sugars, starches, fiber o Lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids o Proteins: amino acids o Vitamins o Mineral o Water
104
is liberated during food oxidation
o Energy intake

HAP LAB (5 decks)

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