REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
It produces sperm and hormones that govern male reproductive function and traits
A
Testes
2
Q
It produces gametes
A
Gonads
3
Q
Cells that may unite for sexual reproduction
A
Gametes
4
Q
It undergoes meiosis and produce sperm or eggs
A
Germ cells
5
Q
Location os male reproductive system
A
Lower pelvic region
6
Q
Where does sperm form
A
Testes
7
Q
Where does testes form
A
In the abdominal wall and descend into the scrotum before birth
8
Q
Enclosed by smooth muscle
A
Testes
9
Q
Proper development of sperm requires a temperature of
A
95 degrees fahrenheit
10
Q
Secretion of substance that become part of semen
A
Prostate gland
11
Q
Dual purpose duct; serves as channel for ejaculation of sperm during sex arousal; also for urine excretion at other times
A
Urethra
12
Q
Organ of sexual intercourse
A
Penis
13
Q
One of a pair of ducts in which sperm complete maturation; the portion farthest from testis stores mature sperm
A
Epididymis
14
Q
One of a pair of ducts for rapid transport of sperm
A
Vas deferens
15
Q
One of a pair of glands that secrete a lubricating mucus
A
Bulbourethral gland
16
Q
One of a pair of glands that secrete fructose and prostaglandins which become part of semen
A
Seminal vesicle
17
Q
One of pair of sperm-conducting duct
A
Ejaculatory duct
18
Q
Sperm and sex hormone reproduction
A
Testes
19
Q
Site of sperm maturation and subsequent storage
A
Epididymis
20
Q
Conduct sperm to penis
A
Ejaculatory ducts
21
Q
Secrete most fluid in semen
A
Seminal vesicle
22
Q
Secretes some fluid in semen
A
Prostate gland
23
Q
A coiled duct that functions a storage of sperm until they leave the body
A
Epididymis
24
Q
During arousal, contraction of muscles send sperm into the ______ and ______ in the _____
A
Vas deferentia
Urethra
Penis
25
Substance from ______ and ______ helps form the semen
Seminal vesicle and prostate gland
26
Thick fluid expelled through penis during sexual activity
Semen
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Semen is formed from the secretions of several glands
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
28
Secrete fructose and prostalglandins
Seminal vesicle
29
Secrete buffering chemicals
Prostate gland
30
Secrete thick mucus-fluid that neutralizes urine in urethra
Bulbourethral gland
31
In his reproductive years a male continually produces new germ cells or sperm which develop in a series of steps controlled by
hormones
32
Sperm form in what tubules
seminiferous tubules
33
How long is the seminiferous tubules in each testis
125 meters
34
It is inside the walls of the seminiferous tubules and also undergoes mitosis and meiosis
spermatogonia
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the spermatogenesis
```
Spermatogonia
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes
spermatids
spermatozoa
```
36
It is the male gametes
Sperm or spermatozoa
37
Mature sperm in how many weeks of processing
9 to 10 weeks
38
In the maturing of sperm the sperm is nourished with secretions from
Sertoli cells
39
What is the tail of sperm
Flagellum
40
It is a part of sperm which contains mitochondria
The midpiece
41
The head of the sperm contains or is a
Nucleus with the DNA organized into chromosomes
42
It is cap with enzymes to penetrate egg
Acrosome
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Seminiferous tubules are coiled inside the
lobes of the testis
44
What controls the sperm Formation
hormones
45
It is located in the tissue between the seminiferous tubules
Leydig cells
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What does the leydig cells produce
Testosterone
47
it governs growth, form, and functions of the male productive tract
Testosterone
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It’s stimulate sexual behavior
Testosterone
49
What does the testosterone promotes in secondary sexual traits
Facial hair and depending of the voice
50
It is released from the anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone
51
It stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone
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Released from the anterior pituitary and is attached to Sertoli cells and are responsible for spermatogenesis
Follicle-stimulating hormone
53
It’s regulates the release of male reproductive hormones
Negative feedback loops
54
The biological function of the _________ Is the nurture developing offspring from the time of conception until birth
Female productive system
55
The females Primary reproductive organ
Ovaries
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Release Sex hormone with secondary sexual traits: fat deposits in breasts, hips and buttocks
Ovaries
57
Reduce eggs during Reproductive years
Ovaries
58
It is an immature eggs that are released in the oviduct and travel to uterus
oocytes
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The site of fertilization in females reproductive system
Oviduct
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Organ where baby grows and develops
Uterus
61
Layer in uterus which is a thick layer of smooth muscle
Myometrium
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Lining in uterus
Endometrium
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Lower portion of the uterus
Cervix
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Leads from the Cervix to the outside
Vagina
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Outer genitals
Vulva
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what are the outer genitals or vulva
Labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
67
One of a pair of primary productive organ in which oocytes form and mature; Produces hormones (such as estrogen and progesterone), Which stimulates maturation of oocytes, formation of corpus luteum, and preparation of the uterine lining for pregnancy
Ovary
68
a glandular structure
Corpus luteum
69
Small organ responsive to sexual stimulation
Clitoris
70
One of a pair of inner skin folds of external genitals
labium minor
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One of a pair of outermost fat-padded skin folds of external genitals
labium major
72
organ of sexual intercourse and also serves as birth canal
Vagina
73
inner lining of uterus; site of implantation of early embryo; Becomes thickened, and highly vascularized tissue during a pregnancy; gives rise to maternal portion of placenta, An organ that metabolically supports embryonic and fetal development
Endometrium
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thick muscle layers of the uterus that stretch enormously during pregnancy
Myometrium
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chamber in which embryo develops; It’s narrow down portion (the cervix) secretes mucus that helps sperm move into the uterus and bars many bacteria
Uterus
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One of a pair of ciliated channels through which oocytes are conducted from an ovary to the uterus; Usual site of fertilization
Oviduct
77
produce oocytes and sex hormones
ovaries
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Conduct oocytes from ovary to uterus
Oviducts
79
secretes mucus that enhances sperm movement into uterus (after fertilization) and reduces the embryos risk of bacterial infection
Cervix
80
The menstrual cycle is how many days
28 days
81
Give the menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase
Proliferative phase
progestational phase
82
Endometrium disintegrates and Blood rich fluid flow begins day one of the cycle
Menstruation
83
Endometrium thickens and ovulation occurs
 proliferative phase
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The Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
progestational phase
85
Lining of endometrium develops to receive a possible embryo
progestational phase
86
How many days is the menstruation in the menstrual phase
1 to 5
87
Follicle matures in ovary; endometrium rebuilds. how many days?
6-13
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endometrium begins to thicken, ovulation occurs
Proliferative phase and 14
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The lining of the endometrium develops to receive a possible embryo
progestational phase, 15-28
90
During the Menstrual Cycle, an______ Is Released from an Ovary
Oocyte
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• First menstruation: between ages of 10 and 16
Menarche
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* Cessation of menstruation; fertility ceases; generally between late 40s and early 50s
* Temporary symptoms of decline of estrogens
Menopause
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• Tissue spreads and grows outside of the uterus; leads to scarring; symptoms and treatment
Endometrosis
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As the menstrual cycle advances, a cycle in the ovaries forms an ______ that may develop into an egg.
oocyte
95
The Ovarian Cycle:
Oocytes Develop
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Guide Ovulation
hormones
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* Born with ~300 oocytes arrested in meiosis I
| * One primary oocyte matures/month during the female’s menstrual cycle
Ovarian Cycle
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• Surrounded by a layer of nourishing cells
Primary oocyte
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- grows due to FSH and LH
- Levels of estrogen increase
- Oocyte completes meiosis I before ovulation
Primary oocyte
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It forms the follicle
Primary oocyte
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* Gets most of the cytoplasm; begins undergoing meiosis II
* Surge of LH
* Ovulation: release of secondary oocyte from the ovary
Secondary oocyte
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* Enters the oviduct
* ____ help sweep it in
* If fertilization occurs, meiosis II is completed
Secondary oocyte
| Fimbriae
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cause cervix to produce large amounts of thin, clear mucus
Estrogen
104
Midcycle surge of LH
• Triggers formation of corpus luteum
• Secretes some estrogen and progesterone
• Progesterone; thickens mucus and maintains
endometrium
• Lasts for ~12 days
• If no embryo implants, corpus luteum disintegrates
105
are mechanically compatible for sexual intercourse, which may lead to pregnancy.
Penis and Vagina
106
In Sexual Intercourse, Both Partners Experience
Physiological Changes
107
* Erection of the penis due to engorgement
| * Ejaculation of the semen
Sexual arousal in males
108
* Vasodilation of blood vessels in genital area
| * Mucus-rich secretions
Sexual arousal in females
109
Can Produce a Fertilized Egg
Intercourse
110
After intercourse, ___________ move sperm deeper into the reproductive tract
uterine contractions
111
may occur a few days before or after ovulation or any time in between
Fertilization in the oviduct
112
combines chromosomes in the father’s sperm with those in the
| mother’s egg. Thus the new cell of a new individual has a full set of chromosomes and DNA
fertilization
113
Sperm enters a secondary oocyte
Zygote
114
Changes necessary in the sperm to enter the egg
* Capacitation: acrosome membrane is weakened
* Many sperm bind to the oocyte
* Oocyte’s membrane changes; only one sperm enters; meiosis II of the oocyte is completed
115
nuclei of mature egg and sperm fuse
Ovum
116
People who choose to control whether their sexual activity produces a child have a variety of options.
Controlling Fertility
117
most effective method in controlling fertility
complete abstinence
118
sympto-thermal method
| • No intercourse during fertile period
Rhythm method
119
removal of penis before ejaculation
withdrawal
120
rinsing out the vagina after intercourse
douching
121
Are the Most Effective Options in controlling fertility
Surgery and Barrier Methods
122
* Surgeries
| * Usually irreversible
Vasectomy and tubal ligation
123
Spermicide
Kills sperm before it enters the uterus
124
devices that you place inside your vagina to form a barrier over the cervix. They are sometimes called barrier methods.
Diaphragm and cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
125
list of surgery and barries metods
Vasectomy and tubal ligation
Spermicides
Diaphragm and cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Condoms
Birth control pill or patch
Progestin injections or implants
“Morning-after pills”
126
Avoid intercourse entirely
Abstinence
127
Avoid intercourse in female's fertile period
Rhythm method
128
End intercourse before male ejaculates
withdrawal
129
wash semen from vagina after intercourse
douche
130
Cut or close off male's vasa deferentia
vasectomy
131
Cut or close off female's oviducts
tubal ligation
132
enclose penis, block sperm entry to uterus
Diaphragm, cervical cap
133
Kill sperm
spermicides
134
prevent sperm entry to uterus or prevent implantation of embryo
Intrauterine device
135
Prevent ovulation
- Oral contraceptives
- Hormone patches
- Implants
- Injections
- Emergency contraception pill
136
Stimulate ovulation
Fertility drugs
137
Poor-quality oocytes or irregular or absent ovulation
- Most common in women over 37
- use fertility drugs
- clamophine
- human menopausal gonadotropin
138
Allows couple to overcome infertility
ART
139
ART includes
Artificial insemination by donor (AID)
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
140
ART means
Assisted reproductive technology
141
It can transmit disease
Sexual activity
142
Three most common STDs (all caused by bacteria)
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
143
Most common in young sexually active people
Chlamydia infections and PID
144
Chlamydia is caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis
145
Common sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia
146
How does chlamydia occurs
Bacteria infect cells in the urogenital tract and migrate to lymph nodes
147
Complications on chlamydia to women
Can be transferred to newborns
| Develop into pelvic inflammatory disease (pid)
148
Infertility, ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy in the fallopian tube or elsewhere outside of the womb), abscess formation, abscess formation, and chronic pelvic pain
PID
149
Std that may have no symptom at first
Gonorrhea
150
Gonorrhea is caused by?
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (gonococcus)
151
Gonorrhea (descriptions)
Many unreported cases
Can spread to PID in women
Antibiotic resistance
152
STD that eventually affects many organs
Syphilis
153
Syphilis is caused by
Treponema pallidum
154
Syphilis develops in stages
Tertiary stage May appear 5-20 years after initial infection, prognosis is not good in this stage
155
Sign of syphilis
Skin ulcers
156
Lifelong infection
Genital herpes
157
Genital herpes are caused by
Herpes simplex virus
158
Types of genital herpes
```
Type 1 (infects the lips, tongue, mouth and eyes)
Type 2 (genital infections)
```
159
No cure: latent and then recurrences
| -triggers for flare-ups
Genital herpes
160
Can cause genital warts and herpes
Viruses
161
Can lead to cancer
Human papillomavirus
162
Genital warts is caused by?
Human papillomavirus
163
A painless growths in the genital regios and is extremely contagious
Genital warts
164
Genital warts may cause
Cervical cancer
- pap smear recommended
- Anti-HPV vaccine
165
Parasites that causes STD
Arachnid
Candida Albicans
Trichomonas vaginalis
166
Pubic lice
| -crabs
Arachnid
167
Candidiadis is caused by
Candida albicans
168
Matching type
A yeast infection
Crabs
Protozoan
Candidiasis/Candida albicans
Pubic lice/arachnid
Trichomoniasis/Trichomonas vaginalis
169
Trichomoniasis is caused by
Trichomonas vaginalis
170
Risk factors of breast cancer
- obesity
- early puberty, late childbearing, late menopause, and excessive estrogen levels
- Fatty diet
- Genetics: BRCA 1 and BRCA 2
171
Prevention of breast cancer
Monthly self-exams
| Mammograms
172
Breast cancer treatments (depend on the stage)
```
Lumpectomy
Modified radical mastectomy
Radical Mastectomy
Lymph nodes always checked for cancer
Radiation and chemotherapy
```
173
A disease that usually affect the endometrium and cervix
Cancers of the uterus
174
Disease that is often lethal
Ovarian cancer
175
To know if you have testicular cancer you should
Perform monthly slef-exams
176
Prostate cancer is
Annual digital rectal exam or psa blood test
No risk factors other than genetic
Most cured
177
#2 cause of cancer death in both men and women
Prostate cancer and breast cancer
