Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alimentary canal organs?

A
  • continuous long tube
  • open to external environment on both ends
  • everything in canal is technically outside of the body
  • absorb through walls of alimentary canal and leave waste to be secreted
  • mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A

tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Major functions of digestive processes

A 
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does ingestion do?

A

bring food into system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Propulsion?

A

movement of material through digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of propulsion?

A

-deglutition; swallowing:partial voluntary and involuntary process

-peristalsis;
wave like smooth muscle contraction: begins in esophagus, involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • physical breakdown of food
    - mastication
    - mixing
    - segmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical digestion

A
  • use of enzymes to break down food into its building blocks
  • proteins into amino acids
  • carbs into glucose
  • fats into fatty acids
  • begins in mouth, continues in stomach, finishes in small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Absorption

A

movement of digested products from lumen of alimentary canal to blood or lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensors

A

sensory receptors

  • activation of receptor can increase and decrease the activity of the digestive system
    • secretion patterns
    • smooth muscle contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Stretch Receptor

A

when stretches it sends signals to begin stomach action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Other types of receptors

A

Osmolarity receptors
pH receptors
Receptors for certain molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of Nerve plexuses

A

Short/intrinsic

Long/extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Short/intrinsic:Nerve plexuses

A

localized effects

  • utilizes enteric nervous system
    - nervous tracts do not leave digestive system
    - doesn’t use CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

long/extrinsic:Nerve plexuses

A

utilizes the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hormones

A

glandular secretion of hormones can affect digestive tract elsewhere in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mesentery? What is its relationship to the peritoneum?

A
  • double layered peritoneum

- anchors the abdominal organs to abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Four tunics in the digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mucosa layer (tunic of digestive system)

A
  • composed of epithelial tissue -functions in protection
    • absorption
  • secretes mucus, enzymes, hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Submucosa layer (tunic of digestive system)

A

contains dense, irregular connective tissue

-blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, glands, nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

muscularis layer (tunic of digestive system)

A

smooth, involuntary muscle

           - movement, mixing, mechanical digestion
        - two layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the enteric nervous system.

A

Both of these nerve plexus are types of intrinsic nerve plexus

-Do not need the central nervous system in order to function.

The central nervous system can have effects to the same areas innervated by these two plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Submucosal Nerve Plexus

A

Located in the submucosa

Involves the muscles and glands just outside the submucosa
-Acts on glands to secrete things and muscles to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Myenteric Nerve Plexus

A
  • Between two different layers of muscle

- Linked to motility or movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Oral/buccal cavity (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

Only side of ingestion

  • Also includes propulsion, mechanical digestion, and chemical digestion
  • Chemical digestion of carbohydrates (starch) begins but does not finish here

Lips and cheeks prevent food from escaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Palate

alimentary and accessory organ

A

-Roof of the mouth
-Hard palate
Front part
Bony
Tongue can push food against the hard palate for compaction or compression of food

-Soft palate
Back part
Fleshy

-Changes from bony to soft portions allows you to breathe while eating
Some animals have to stop breathing while eating

-The uvula moves to block the nasal cavity when food passes by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Tongue (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

-Muscular organs
-Moves and mixes food
-Food clumps into a bolus
Ball-shaped mixture of food and saliva

-Tongue plays an important role in deglutition

--Papillae
Bumps on the tongue
Filiform papillae
Give grip to move food around
Most abundant
Fungiform papillae 
Taste buds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Salivary glands (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

-Cleans our mouth even when not eating
-Washes away residual food so there is no food for bacteria to live off of
-Fluid dissolves food; moistens it
Makes the food biologically active

-Contains enzymes
Salivary amylase breaks down starch

-Salivary glands contain mucous cells, serous cells, or a mixture of the two cells
Mucous cell makes mucus
Serous cells make enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sublingual salivary glands (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

Located underneath the tongue
Made of mucous cells
Activity increases when eating or thinking of eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Parotid salivary glands (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

Located in the back of the oral cavity

Made of serous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Submandibular glands (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

Made of both serous and mucous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Teeth (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

Involved in mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Two sets of teeth (alimentary and accessory organ)

A
  1. Primary/deciduous/baby teeth
    20 total
    Should all be in place by 2 years old; breastfeeding should end then
  2. Permanent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Permanent set of teeth physiology (alimentary and accessory organ)

A 
32 permanent teeth
Arrive at different times
4 incisors
2 cuspids
4 bicuspids (premolars)
Sheering edge
6 molars
Relatively flat
Used to break up seeds etc.

Around 18 years old, the third molar (wisdom) tooth may come in
o Our mouths are getting smaller, so these teeth may become impacted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tooth structure

A 
Crown
Root
Neck
Enamel
Dentine
Pulp
Cementum
Root canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is the crown? (Tooth structure)

A

above the gum line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the ROOT? (Tooth structure)

A

below the gum line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is the neck? (Tooth structure)

A

right above the gum line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is the ENAMEL? (Tooth structure)

A

Hard covering that surrounds the tooth to protect it

The hardest man-made thing in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

DENTINE? (Tooth structure)

A

Hard structure deep to the enamel

Not as hard as enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

PULP? (Tooth structure)

A

Contains the nerves and blood vessels

Deep to dentine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cementum (Tooth structure)

A

Holds the tooth in the socket

The tooth is a peg in a peg and socket joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Root canal (Tooth structure)

A

Extension of the pulp through the root

-This is where the nerves and blood vessels pass into the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Pharynx (alimentary and accessory organ)

A
  • Functions in propulsion
  • Only use oropharynx and laryngopharynx for digestion
  • The epiglottis make sure food only goes to the esophagus and not the trachea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Esophagus (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

-Functions in propulsion
-Normally collapsed to keep the airway open
Stays collapsed until we swallow
-Contains two physiological sphincters
Upper esophageal sphincter
Makes sure food goes in one direction
Gastroesophageal sphincter
Keeps things in the stomach from going back into the esophagus
-The esophagus is the propulsion tube to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Stomach (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

A big and muscular storage tank

The volume of the stomach can range from 50 mL - 4L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What takes place in the Stomach? (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

Propulsion, mechanical digestion, and chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Chemical digestion; stomach (alimentary and accessory organ)

A

-Starch digestion stops due to the acidic pH of the stomach
Amylase is denatured due to the acidic pH

-Protein digestion begins in the stomach
Pepsin (protein enzyme) is activated by the acidic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is pepsin (protein enzyme) activated by in the stomach?

A

activated by the acidic pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When food leaves the esophagus where does it enter in the stomach?

A

enters the cardiac portion of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Fundus (stomach)

A

is the higher/bulging portion of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where does food exit through in the stomach?

A

pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Pylorus (STOMACH)

A

-The stomach constricts at the pylorus
-Contains an anatomical sphincter called the pyloric sphincter
Manages the release of contents from the stomach into the duodenum
The duodenum is the first portion of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does food enter as and leave as in the stomach?

A

bolus; liquid chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Rugae (stomach)

A

irregular folds in the stomach lining

Play a role in changing the volume of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Third layer of muscle in stomach

A

Called oblique/transverse layer

Changes diameter diagonally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Anatomical and physiological parts of the stomach

A

cardiac sphincter (physiologically) and pyloric sphincter (anatomical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Components of saliva

A 
water
electrolytes
amylase
musin
lysosomes
IgA
metabolic wastes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Saliva

A

-Regulated by the autonomic nervous system
-Parasympathetic system activates salivary gland
Activation of chemoreceptors and pressure receptors stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system to become active

-Sympathetic system inhibits salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Water percentage of saliva

A

97-99%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Electrolytes in saliva have what?

A

ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Amylase in saliva

A

Salivary amylase

This is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of starch in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Mucin in saliva

A

Protein made by mucous cells

Makes up mucus secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Function of lysosomes in saliva

A

immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Function of IgA in saliva

A

Antibodies

Have an immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Deglutition

A

Food compacted into a bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Deglutition; Buccal phase (voluntary phase)

A

-Tip of tongue is placed against the hard palate
-The tongue contracts to force the bolus into the oropharynx
Food moves from the oral cavity into the oropharynx

-The bolus stimulates tactile receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Deglutition; Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

A
  • Tactile receptors stimulate the medulla oblongata and the pons
  • Motor impulses are sent to the smooth muscles of oropharynx and esophagus
  • Peristalsis moves bolus towards the stomach
70
Q

Cells found in the stomach

A 
goblet
gastric gland
mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells
71
Q

Goblet cells (in stomach)

A
  • Offer protection

- Secrete mucus

72
Q

Where are goblet cells specifically?

A

-Located at surface of stomach and on the walls of the gastric pits
Gastric pits are indentations or depressions in the rugae folds
-Generally associated with columnar epithelium

73
Q

Location of gastric gland

what does it release?

A

At the end of gastric pit

Releases digestive enzymes

74
Q

location of mucous neck cells (stomach)

A

Upper region of gastric gland

75
Q

What do mucous neck cells produce?

A

a little more acidic pH mucous secretions

76
Q

Location of parietal cells?

A

Located in the middle region of the gastric gland

77
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Also called gastric acid

78
Q

What do parietal cels produce (factor)?

A

-Produces intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein that is required to absorb Vitamin B12 in the small intestine
Vitamin B12 is required for red blood cell production
Therefore, intrinsic factor is required to live

79
Q

Location of chief cells

A

Located at the bottom region of the gastric gland

80
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

pepsinogen and small amount of lipase

81
Q

Which cell in the stomach produces pesinogen?

A

Chief cells;

82
Q

Pepsinogen (made by chief cells)

A

Inactive enzyme
Becomes active by HCl
HCl activates pepsinogen -> pepsin
Pepsin breaks down proteins

83
Q

Lipase

A

small amount produced by chief cells; fat digestive enzyme

84
Q

Enteroendocrine/ G-cells

A

-Produce a hormone called gastrin
Gastrin affects digestive tract activity
=Affects the motion and secretion of the stomach
=Activates stomach to produce gastric acid

85
Q

Cephalic (reflex) phase; gastric secretion

A

-Conditioned, learned response
Occurs prior to the arrival of food in the stomach
-When thinking of eating, the stomach becomes active in anticipation of the arrival of food

86
Q

Cephalic (reflex) phase; gastric secretion pt2

A

Gastrin can work directly on stomach/parietal cells or can activate ECL (enterochromaffin-like) cells
ECL cells release histamine
Histamine activates parietal cells (stomach cells)
-
Neural and hormonal pathways work synergistically; combined effects produce a greater effect

87
Q

Gastric phase; gastric secretion

A

-Starts when food arrives in the stomach
-Causes an increase of neural/hormonal stomach activity
-Biggest activator is the stretch of the stomach
Sends signal to the brain and parasympathetic response increases stomach activity to produce HCl

-pH of food arriving at the stomach has an effect on stomach activity
Arrival of food with high pH is a stimulus for gastric phase
Low pH food inhibits gastrin

-Composition of food can cause release of gastrin and activate the digestive tract
If food is high in protein, gastric phase is activated

88
Q

Gastric phase; as HCL IS MADE…

A

the pH changes and shuts off the neural and endocrine controls

89
Q

iNTESTINAL phase

A

-Stomach activity is affected by movement of food into the small intestine

-Excitatory component
As chyme leaks out of the stomach into the duodenum (small intestine), gastric activity increases
As the small intestine begins to stretch, stomach activity increases

-Inhibitory component
The stretch of the small intestine from continuous arrival of chyme causes a switch from parasympathetic stimulus to sympathetic stimulation of the stomach
Sympathetic impulses inhibit stomach activity and constrict the pyloric sphincter
Called the enterogastric reflex

90
Q

Enterogastrone: intestinal phase

A

-hormone secreted by the small intestine
Inhibitory hormone that shuts off stomach activity
-Hormonal control of stomach instead of neural excitatory/inhibitory component
-Shuts off stomach to save energy for elsewhere
-Protects the stomach from digesting itself

91
Q

Receptive relaxation; gastric filling

A
  • Occurs before food arrives
  • Stomach enlarges volume to prepare to accept food
  • Rugae flatten, stomach DOES NOT stretch in this phase
92
Q

Adaptive relaxation; gastric filling

A
  • As food arrives, the rugae continue to relax in proportion to the amount of food coming in
  • Continues to enlarge after food arrives
93
Q

Gastric Filling

A

The stomach can go from 50 mL - 1 L without stretch

When the stomach begins to stretch, the stomach is stimulated to contract

94
Q

Gastric contraction

A

-Basic electrical rhythm
-Interstitial cells of Cajal
Autorhythmic cells of the stomach
Pacemaker cells
Located in longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in muscularis
Depolarize by themselves
Action potential causes peristalsis
Contracts 3x/min at rest
Any factor to increase stomach activity will cause increasing contraction
Stretch, higher pH, high protein composition

-The stomach contracts from the cardiac portion towards the pylorus
The pressure is highest by the sphincter between the stomach and small intestine
Fluid (chyme) moves from high pressure in the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine

-The sphincter opens about 2 mm.
This allows chyme to pass through into the small intestine while leaving solid and semisolids in the stomach to continue to be digested.

-30 mL of chyme passes from the stomach to small intestine, but 27 mL returns to the stomach
-In total, 3 mL of chyme enters the small intestine per contraction
This allows for much greater efficiency in digesting acidic chyme.

95
Q

Gastric emptying

A

-Chyme enters the duodenum
-Stretch and chemoreceptors in the small intestine are activated
-The enterogastric and enterogastrone reflexes are initiated
This inhibits the activity of the stomach

  • Gastric activity is reduced
  • Pyloric contractions stop
  • Duodenal filling stops
96
Q

Bicarbonate-rich mucus (protective barrier that prevents the stomach from digesting itself)

A

-Acts as a pH buffer in the stomach
The stomach acid gets into the mucus and the bicarbonate buffers it

-Does not provide complete protection for the stomach by itself

97
Q

Tight junctions in mucosal epithelium (protective barrier that prevents the stomach from digesting itself)

A

If acid gets through the mucus, the acid can’t slip between cells due to the tight junctions

98
Q

HCL impermeable plasma membranes in gastric gland cells (protective barrier that prevents the stomach from digesting itself)

A

As gastric gland cells produce HCl, the HCl goes into the duct, but does not digest the cells in the duct

99
Q

Undifferentiated stem cells at junction of gastric pits of gastric glands (protective barrier that prevents the stomach from digesting itself)

A
  • Can become columnar epithelium, goblet, chief, or parietal cells
  • Replace cells in stomach every 3-7 days
100
Q

Small intestine

A

major chemical digestive organ of the body

101
Q

What is digested in the small intestine?

A

Every type of macromolecule is digested here

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids

102
Q

Name of the lining of the small intestine

A

brush border;

Secrete enzymes to digest carbohydrates and proteins

103
Q

What does the small intestine make?

A

-makes intestinal juice
-The stomach makes a very acidic gastric juice
Arrival of acidic chyme promotes the production of intestinal juice

-Intestinal juice is alkaline
This helps neutralize the acidic chyme

-All digestion is finished by the end of the small intestin

104
Q

More stuff about small intestine

A
  • 8-13 ft long when alive, 20 ft when dead (due to relaxation of muscles)
  • involved in propulsion
  • site of absorption of nutrients
105
Q

Regions of the small intestine

A

DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM

106
Q

Duodenum; regions of the small intestine

A

-First 10 inches of the small intestine

-Hepatopancreatic ampulla is located here
This is where the ducts from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas meet

107
Q

Jejenum; region of the small intestine

A

Middle of the small intestine

Roughly 8 ft long

108
Q

Ileum; regions of the small intestine

A
  • Last part of the small intestine

- Where the ileum meets cecum is called the ileocecal valve

109
Q

Structural modifications on the wall of the small intestine

A

length
plicae circulares
villi
microvilli

110
Q

Length; Structural modifications on the wall of the small intestine

A

gives over 200m of surface area to work with

-allows for the most efficient extraction of nutrients from the 3 mL of chyme each time

111
Q

Plicae circulares; Structural modifications on the wall of the small intestine

A

-circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa that further increase the surface area

  • helps increase the surface area
  • chyme is slowed down by the folds
    - causes chyme to corkscrew through the small intestine
  • some textbooks call it the spiral gland
112
Q

Villi; Structural modifications on the wall of the small intestine

A
  • fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane of the mucosal layer
    • increases surface area
113
Q

Microvilli; structural modifications on the wall of the small intestine

A
  • irregular surface of the villi

- extensions of the plasma membrane

114
Q

Liver

A
  • main role is nondigestive
    - recycling of red blood cells
  • its digestive role is to produce bile
    - bile is an emulsifier
    - emulsifiers turn large fat molecules into smaller areas of fat molecules
    - not digestion of fats, only make fat molecules easier to digest
  • largest internal organ
115
Q

Liver Lobes

A
  • right lobe
  • left lobe
  • caudate lobe
  • quadrate lobe
  • falciform ligament
    - what holds the liver in place
    - piece of mesentery that anchors the liver in place off the diaphragm
    - also separates the left and right lobes of the liver
116
Q

Falciform ligament; liVER LOBE

A
  • what holds the liver in place -piece of mesentery that anchors the liver in place off the diaphragm
  • also separates the left and right lobes of the liver
117
Q

Gall ladder

A

stores bile;
-when bile is not released, the bile backs up into the cystic duct and is stored in the gallbladder until it is needed

concentrates bile;

  • reclaims some of the water
  • sometimes bile is so concentrated that the bile crystalizes and forms gallstones
  • when removing gallbladder, people must watch the far content in their diet
118
Q

Ducts

A

common hepatic duct;
-goes into the liver

cystic duct;
-just goes into gallbladder

bile duct;
-merging of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

119
Q

Bile

A 
H20
BILE salts
bile pigments 
cholesterol
neural fats
phospholipids
electrolytes
120
Q

Bile salts; bile

A
  • acts in emulsification

- increases the surface area of fats for greater digestion efficienc

121
Q

Bile pigments; bile

A

-bilirubin to urobilinogen
-bilirubin is a product from the breakdown of hemoglobin
urobilinogen causes feces to be brown

122
Q

Bile storage

A
  • hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed when not digesting
    • liver is continually producing bile
  • bile backs up into the cystic duct and enters the gallbladde
123
Q

Bile release

A
  • fatty chyme entering the duodenum stimulates the production of cholecystokinin
  • CCK causes parasympathetic impulses to promote gallbladder contraction
  • CCK relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincte
  • CCK affects pancreatic activity as well
124
Q

Pancreas

A

produces pancreatic juice;

  • exocrine glands empty into the pancreatic duct
  • pancreatic duct fuses with bile duct just before the hepatopancreatic ampulla
  • CCK opens ampulla and activates pancreas to release pancreatic juice to flow with bile into the small intestine
125
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

H20
ENZYMES
BICARBONATE

126
Q

Enzymes in pancreatic juice

A
  • there are enzymes for all classes of macromolecules

- made by acinar cells

127
Q

Bicarbonate in pancreatic juice

A
  • produced by epithelial cells of pancreatic duct
  • pH of approx. 8
  • helps to buffer the acidic chyme coming into the small intestine from the stomach
128
Q

Controls of pancreatic secretion

A

secretin
CCK
Parasympathetic impulses

129
Q

Secretin; control of pancreatic secretion

A
  • produced when chyme is high in HCl

- activates duct cells to produce bicarbonat

130
Q

CCK; control of pancreatic secretion

A
  • increase of fat and protein in chyme increases release of CCK
  • causes activation of acinar cells and secretion of pancreatic juice
131
Q

Parasympathetic impulses; control of pancreatic secretion

A

-increases the activity of both duct cells and acinar cells

132
Q

Gastroileal reflex (regulation of pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine)

A

-As the stomach becomes activated by the arrival of food, the small intestine becomes
activated

  • Segmentation
    activity increases, and food moves slowly through the small intestine into the
    large intestine
  • Caused by
    the stomach
133
Q

Gastrin hormone (regulation of pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine)

A

Gastrin;
causes relaxation of the ileocecal valve (between the secum
- This valve is normally in the closed position

Again, the
activity of the stomach is regulating the emptying of the small intestine

-Gastrin
is produced by enteroendocrine cells (G cells)

134
Q

Pressure (regulation of pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine)

A

As material
accumulates in the large intestine, a back pressure is created that pushes
against the ileocecal valve

—This forces the ileocecal valve to close

135
Q

Trypsin (pancreatic enzymes)

A

breaks down large proteins
- Trypsinogen
-Made by
the pancreas; released into the small intestine

Enterokinase
 -Brush
boarder enzyme; made in the small intestine
-Activates
trypsinogen -> trypsin
-Also called enteropeptidase
136
Q

Carboxypeptidase (pancreatic enzymes)

A

Procarboxypeptidase;
-Produced in the pancreas

Trypsin
-Activates procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase
·

137
Q

Chymotrypsin (pancreatic enzymes)

A

Chymotrypsinogen
-Produced in the pancreas

Trypsin
-Activates
chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin
-Activates chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin

138
Q

Trypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Chymotrypsin

A

all enzymes are activated in the duodenum

-Enzymes produced in the pancreas are inactive to prevent the digestion of the pancreas itself

139
Q

Other Pancreatic Enzymes (produced in their active form)

A

pancreatic amylase
lipase
nucleases

140
Q

pancreatic amylase (Other Pancreatic Enzymes (produced in their active form))

A

breaks down starches

141
Q

Lipase (Other Pancreatic Enzymes (produced in their active form))

A

breaks down fats/lipds

142
Q

Nucleases Other Pancreatic Enzymes (produced in their active form))

A

breaks down nucleic acids

143
Q

Large intestine

A
  • Also called the colon
  • Continues propulsion of digested materials
  • Main function is in the reabsorption of water
  • —-As water is reabsorbed, chyme turns into feces
144
Q

Feces components (large intestine)

A
  • Undigested food residue
  • sloughed off epithelial cells of the alimentary canal
  • bacteria
  • small amount of h20
145
Q

undigested food residue; components of feces, large intestine

A

Undigested food because we could not digest it or we just did not digest it

146
Q

Sloughed off epithelial cells of the alimentary canal; feces components in large intst

A

Some from the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine

147
Q

Bacteria; feces components in large intest.

A

We have a lot of bacteria in the digestive system

-Some of these bacteria are excreted when feces are excreted

148
Q

Small amount of H20; feces comp. (large intest)

A
  • Too much water resorption causes constipation

- Too little water resorption causes diarrhea

149
Q

Length of large intestine; begins-ends

A
  • Approximately 9 ft in length

- Begins at the cecum; ends at the anus

150
Q

Large intestine segments

A 
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Internal anal sphincter
external anal sphincter
rectal valves-bends
151
Q

Cecum (large intest. seg)

A

First part of the large intestine; connected to the small intestine

152
Q

ascending colon (large intest. seg)

A

goes up towards the diaphragm

153
Q

transverse colon (large intest. seg)

A

goes from the right side of the body to the left side of the body

154
Q

descending colon (large intest. seg)

A

where the colon goes down

155
Q

sigmoid colon (large intest. seg)

A

s-shapes portion of the colon

156
Q

rectum (large intest. seg)

A
  • large part of the large intestine

- end of the rectum is the anus

157
Q

internal anal sphincter (large intest. seg)

A

invol. sphincter; made of smooth muscle

158
Q

external anal sphincter (large intest. seg)

A

voluntary sphincter; made of skeletal muscle

159
Q

rectal valves-bends (large intest. seg)

A

twists in colon

160
Q

bacteria in the large intestine produces…

A

produces gas

-The bends in the colon allow for gas (flattus) to pass through without moving feces

161
Q

Large intestine anatomy

A

haustra
taenia coli
epiploic appendages
intestinal bacteria

162
Q

Haustra (large intestine anatomy)

A

-Pouches of the large intestine
Single is haustrum

  • Divides the colon into segments
  • Sac like Puckerings
163
Q

Taenia coli (large intestine anatomy)

A
  • Band of smooth muscles

- Causes the pouching/puckering that create the haustra

164
Q

Epiploic appendages (large intestine anatomy)

A
  • Pouches of adipose tissue that accumulate along the large intestine
  • Animals that live in the cold build up fat on the large intestine to keep warm and have energy
  • We don’t know for certain, but we believe they are a vestigial appendage that kept us warm when our ancestors lived outside
165
Q

Intestinal bacteria (large intestine anatomy)

A

Ferment indigestible carbohydrates
-We don’t get nutritional value from these carbohydrates because absorption occurs in the small intestine
-These bacteria produce dimethyl sulfate
Gives flattus (gas/farts) odor

Synthesize B vitamins

Synthesize Vitamin K
-Vitamin K is used by the liver to make clotting proteins

166
Q

Bacteria intestinal (large intestine anatomy cont)

A

Bacteria are there for themselves

- They are there because we provide them food and a warm place to reproduce

167
Q

Haustral contractions; Motility of Food in the Large Intestine

A
  • Pushes material from one haustra to the next
  • Stimulated by the accumulation of material
  • Occur roughly every 30 minutes
  • Very slow propulsive movements
  • Not peristalsis; more similar to segmentation
168
Q

Mass movements; motility of food in the large intestine

A
  • Occurs 3-4x/day
  • Directional waves of peristalsis that moves large mass towards the rectum
  • Prompted by the arrival of food in our stomach
  • “Food in prompts food out.”
169
Q

Vermiform appendix

A

-Located off the cecum
-Vestigial organ
-Appendix may have been used to digest cellulose in our ancestors
-Houses bacteria that can replenish digestive bacteria
-The appendix can trap foreign things in its lumen (ex: gum, seeds)
This can cause the appendix to become inflamed; appendicitis

170
Q

Defecation Reflex; defecation process

A

-Mass movements cause stretch
-Stretch triggers parasympathetic stimulation of sigmoid colon and rectum
-Anal sphincters are inhibited and relax
Both internal and external sphincters relax

-External anal sphincter is under voluntary control
Can stop parasympathetic relaxation by consciously contracting the external sphincter

-Valsalva’s maneuver assists emptying 
Contract diaphragm and abdomen
This increases abdominal pressure 
-Close glottis
-Strain

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions