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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system includes…

A
  • Oral Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anal Canal
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2
Q

The oral cavity includes…

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary Glands
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3
Q

The intestinal area also include…

A
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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4
Q

Digestive processes

A
  • Propulsion/Motility
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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5
Q

Propulsion

A
  • Peristalsis
  • Swallowing
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6
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical
-Chewing
-Churning (stomach)
-Segmentation
Chemical

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7
Q

Identify 1-4

A

1- Hard palate

2- Palatoglossal arch

3- Palatopharyngeal arch

4- Soft palate

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8
Q

Identify 1-6

A

1- Uvula

2- Fauces

3- Tongue

4- Lingual frenulum

5- Gingivae

6- Vestibule

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9
Q

Identify 1-8

A

1- Vestibule

2- Gingiva

3- Hard palate

4- Palatoglossal arch

5- Soft palate

6- Uvula

7- Fauces

8- Palatopharyngeal arch

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10
Q

Teeth

A

The hardest substance in the body (made with calcium phosphate)

Contains pulp

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11
Q

Pulp consists of…

A

nerves, blood vessels and soft connective tissue

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12
Q

Identify 1-7

A

1- enamel

2- gingiva

3- dentin

4 - pulp cavity

5- root canal

6- cementum

7- periodontal ligaments

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13
Q

Identify 1-3

A

1- Crown

2- Neck

3- Root

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14
Q

How many teeth do children have? Adults?

A

20

32

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15
Q

1-4 bitches

A

1- (3) molars

2- (2) bicuspids

3- (1) cuspid

4- (2) incisors

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16
Q

Papillae - what are they? located where?

A

where taste buds are located

on tongue

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17
Q

Label 1-3

A

1- sublingual salivary gland

2- submandibular salivary gland

3- parotid salivary gland

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18
Q

Saliva has what in it to help with digestion?

A

Mucins, electrolytes, antibodies, enzymes

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19
Q

What enzymes are in saliva? What do they do?

A

Salivary amylase- begins chemical digestion of complex carbohydrates

lingual lipase- begins chemical digestion of triglcerides

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20
Q

1-5 :)

A

1- mucosa

2- submucosa

3- muscularis externa

4- serosa

5- lumen

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21
Q

Label the parts of the mucosa

A

1- epithelium

2- lamina propria

3- muscularis mucosae

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22
Q

1-4 (parts of the muscularis externa)

A

1- longitudinal

2- circular

3- longitudinal

4- circular

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23
Q

what are the circled things called and what layer are they in?

A
  • glands in submucosa
  • submucosa
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24
Q

1-4 of serosa

A

1- epithelium / visceral peritoneum

2- connective tissue

3- epithelium / visceral peritoneum

4- connective tissue

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25
what is the esophagus?
A muscular tube leading from the mouth to the stomach. DOES NOT contribute to digestion on its own (all about propulsion/motility)
26
What is the esophagus involved in?
movement of food mass - involves waves of muscular contraction called peristalsis
27
1-4 What is this a picture of?
1- mucosa 2- submucosa 3- muscularis externa 4- adventitia (fibrous connective tissue) esophagus
28
How is the entrance and exit of stuff regulated by the esophagus?
Sphincters Upper esophageal sphincter Lower esophageal sphincter
29
What is GERD
when the lower esophageal sphincter doesn't close all of the way and stomach acid comes back up into esophagus
30
What are mesenteries?
folds of the peritoneum that support and stabilize organs, hold fat, and provide a route for blood vessels
31
what is the greater omentum?
a large superficial mesentery that hangs down over many abdominal organs like an apron
32
Label F,C,B,P
F- fundus C- cardia B- body P- pylorus
33
Label 1-5
1- longitudinal muscle 2- circular muscle 3- oblique muscle 4- lesser curvature 5- greater curvature
34
Label 1-3
1- lower esophageal sphincter 2- pyloric sphincter 3- rugae
35
1-4
1- mucosa 2- submucosa 3- muscularis externa 4- serosa
36
1-4 b words
1- gastric pit 2- epithelium 3- lamina propria 4- gastric gland
37
what do secretions mix together to make?
Chyme
38
1-4
1- surface mucus cells 2- parietal cells 3- chief cells 4- enteroendocrine cells
39
what do surface mucus cells do?
secrete a think alkaline mucus that protects the mucosa from the acidic environment inside the stomach
40
what do parietal cells do?
Secrete hydrochloric acid (kills microorganisms in swallowed food, denatures proteins) and intrinsic intrinsic factor (necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestines)
41
what do chief cells do?
Secrete pepsinogen, a precursor to the enzyme pepsin --\> breaks proteins down into smaller pieces
42
what do enteroendocrine cells do?
Secrete gastrin, somatostatin, histamine and several other paracrine and endocrine hormones
43
What are the digestive functions of the stomach?
Chemical breakdown of proteins begins * HCl acid denatures (unravels) long proteins * Pepsin chops ‘em into smaller pieces Almost no absorption of nutrients occurs in the stomach * No major organic molecules absorbed across the mucosal epithelium * Some drugs absorbed --\> aspirin * Alcohol is absorbed to some extent
44
What are peptic ulcers?
Erosion of mucosal lining in the esophagus, stomach or duodenum Most cases involve H.pylori bacteria • Causes chronic inflammation of the mucosa • Compromises integrity of natural defenses (esp. mucus production)
45
Small intestine - how long? diameter? sections?
20 feet 1-1.5 inches 3 sections - doudenum - jejunum - ileum
46
1-3 please :)
1- duodenum 2- jejunum 3- ileum
47
Duodenum - Length? Purpose?
about 10in-1ft "mixing bowl" --\> where chyme is mixed with pancreatic secretions and bile from liver
48
label 1
circular fold
49
Jejunum - Length? Purpose?
about 7.5-8ft where final chemical digestion and most absorption of organic nutrients (carbs, fat, protein) occurs
50
what are these folds?
Plicae
51
Label 1-2
1- mucosa 2- villi
52
Label 1-4 (this is a picture of a single villus of the jejunum)
1- goblet cell 2- epithelium (cells have microvilli - creates "brush border") 3- lacteal 4- capillary network
53
Ileum - Length? Purpose?
about 11ft continued absorption of stuff not absorbed in the jejunum specific absorption of Vit.B12 has Peyer's patches
54
Large intestine - Length? How many sections? What are they called?
5ft long 3in diameter 4 cecum, colon (4 sub sections), rectum, and anal canal
55
label 1-3 What part of the large intestine is this?
1- ileocecal valve 2- cecum 3- vermiform appendix cecum
56
Label the 4 parts of the colon
1- ascending colon 2- transverse colon 3- descending colon 4- sigmoid colon
57
1 and 2
1- Haustrum 2- tenia coli
58
Is the mucosal layer of the large intestine folded?
NO
59
Main functions of the large intestine?
-Reabsorb water, compact unusable material in fecal matter -Absorb some vitamins made by bacteria living in large intestines • Vit K • Biotin • Vit B5 -Conversion of organic wastes • Bilirubin (from breakdown of RBC’s)  stercobilins and urobilins • Protein leftovers  ammonia, indole/skatole, hydrogen sulfide -Storage of fecal matter until defecation
60
What are the two structures here?
Rectum and anal canal
61
Accessory organs of intestines
Create secretions that are dumped into the intestines include - pancreas - liver - gallbladder
62
What do cells of pancreatic acini do?
make enzymes and buffers Dumps them into duodenum via pancreatic duct
63
What do cells of pancreatic islets do?
make hormones insulin and glucagon that regulates blood glucose levels
64
label 1-3
1- right lobe of liver 2- falciform ligament 3- left lobe of liver
65
1-5
1- caudate lobe 2- left lobe 3- porta hepatis (containing hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein) 4- quadrate lobe 5- right lobe
66
what are the functional unit of the liver?
Lobules
67
1-5
1- portal triad 2- bile duct 3- portal venule 4- portal arteriole 5- central vein
68
Liver functions
**Metabolic regulation** • major control point for determining nutrient content of circulating blood **Hematological regulation** • has a number of immunological and blood-related functions **Bile production** • important for the process of fat digestion
69
1-4
1- left and right hepatic ducts 2- cystic duct 3- common hepatic duct 4- common bile duct
70
What is cholelothiasis?
Gallstones

anatomy (8 decks)

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