DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards by Bang Bangtannies

breaking food into nutrient molecules

Digestion

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taking in food

INGESTION

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– movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

Absorption

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excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste

Defecation

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2 main group of organs of the digestive system

Alimentary Canal (gastrointestinal, or GI tract)

Accessory Digestive Organs

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-continuous, coiled, hollow tube that runs
through the ventral cavity from stomach to anus

these organs ingest, digest, absorb, defecate

Alimentary Canal (gastrointestinal, or GI tract)

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– include teeth, tongue,
and several large digestive organs
§ assist digestion in various ways

Accessory Digestive Organs

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Alimentary Canal flow

Mouth > Pharynx > Esophagus > Stomach > Small
Intestine > Large Intestine > Anus

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mucous membrane – lined cavity

Mouth/oral cavity

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protect the anterior opening

Lips (Labia)

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– form the lateral walls

Cheeks

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forms the anterior roof

hard palate

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forms the posterior roof

soft palate

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– fleshy projection of the soft palate

Uvula

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space between lips externally and teeth and
gums internally

Vestibule

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area contained by the teeth

Oral Cavity Proper

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skeletal muscle attached at hyoid bone, and
styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum to
the floor of the mouth

Tongue

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2 types of tonsils

Palatine and Lingual

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A tonsil located at posterior end of oral cavity

Palatine

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A tonsil located at the base of the tongue

Lingual

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Give the 4 functions of the mouth

o Mastication (chewing) of food
o Tongue mixes masticated food with saliva
o Tongue initiates swallowing
- controls movement of epiglottis
o Taste buds on the tongue allow for taste

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serves as a passageway for foods, fluids, and air

Pharynx

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Where in the pharynx where food passes from the mouth posteriorly into the :

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

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posterior to oral cavity

Oropharynx

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posterior to oral cavity

Oropharynx

below the oropharynx and continuous with the esophagus

Laryngopharynx

food is propelled to the esophagus by two skeletal muscle layers in the pharynx. What are those 2 skeletal muscle?

Longitudinal outer layer Circular inner layer

A skeletal muscle in the pharynx that allows parallel movement

Longitudinal outer layer

A skeletal muscle in the pharynx that cut for ball-like structures

Circular inner layer

It propels the food and is the alternating contractions of the muscle layers

Peristalsis

- about 10 inches long - runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm

Esophagus

- this organ function to conduct food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) to the stomach - circular muscles squeeze, - longitudinal muscles propel

Esophagus

it functions as a passageway for food only. It also branches off AFTER the pharynx

Esophagus

[Layers of the alimentary canal organs] 4 layers (innermost to outermost]; from esophagus to large intestine

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serosa

[LAYERS OF TISSUE] - innermost, moist membrane and consists the ff: - surface epithelium - Lamina Propria Scanty smooth muscle layer

Mucosa

[LAYERS OF TISSUE] Is in the mucosa and mostly simple columnar epithelium (except for esophagus-stratified squamous epithelium)

Surface Epithelium

[LAYERS OF TISSUE] Has small amount of connective tissue and is in the mucosa tissue layer

Lamina Propria

[LAYERS OF TISSUE] Part of the mucosa and lines the cavity

Lumen

[LAYERS OF TISSUE] - just beneath the mucosa - soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels

Submucosa

[LAYERS OF TISSUE] o smooth muscle o inner circular layer o outer longitudinal layer

Muscular Externa

[LAYERS OF TISSUE] o outermost layer of the wall; contains fluid-producing cells

Serosa

Part of the serosa and is the innermost layer that is continuous with the outermost layer

Visceral Peritoneum

Part of the serosa and outermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity by the way of the mesentery

Parietal Peritoneum

The alimentary canal wall – contains two intrinsic nerve plexuses that are part of the autonomic nervous system

- Submucosa Nerve Plexus - Myenteric Nerve Plexus

§ group of nerves found in submucosal layer of alimentary canal § makes it possible to stimulate responses in the structures of submucosa

Submucosa Nerve Plexus

§ embedded and controls the muscularis externa § outer longitudinal muscle layer § dictates contractile mechanism, any type of movement from Muscularis Externa

Myenteric Nerve Plexus

This nerve plexus REGULATES MOBILITY of the GI tract organs

Myenteric Nerve Plexus

This nerve plexus is responsible for the SECRETORY ACTIVITIES of the GI tract organs

Submucosal Nerve Plexus

C-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdominal cavity

Stomach

After passing the esophagus, the food enters _________; it is the entry and exit of the food located in the stomach

Cardioesphageal Sphincter

From stomach to small intestine; Food empties into the small intestine at the____________

the pyloric sphincter (valve)

[STOMACH REGIONS] near the heart and surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter

Cardial (cardia)

[STOMACH REGIONS] – expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region

Fundus

[STOMACH REGIONS] midportion region of the stomach

Body

[STOMACH REGIONS] Part of the body region that is the CONVEX LATERAL surface

Greater Curvature

[STOMACH REGIONS] Part of the body region that is the CONCAVE LATERAL surface

Lesser Curvature

[STOMACH REGIONS] - is the FUNNEL-SHAPED end

Pylorus

[TRUE OR FALSE] Stomach can stretch and hold 4: (1 gallon) of food when full

TRUE

internal folds of the mucosa present when the stomach is empty

Rugae ## Footnote [ADD INFO: to allow for expansion of the stomach after the consumption of foods and liquids. This expansion increases the volume of the stomach to hold larger amounts of food. The folds also result in greater surface area, allowing the stomach to absorb nutrients more quickly.]

§ Double layer of the peritoneum § extends from liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

Lesser Omentum

§ has fatty apron §another extension of the peritoneum § covers the abdominal organs § fat insulates, cushions and protects abdominal organs

Greater Omentum

Is considered as a good SHOCK ABSORBER

Fatty apron ## Footnote Also known as a pannus stomach or mother's apron, apron belly occurs when the belly and fat surrounding the internal organs expands due to weight gain or pregnancy, resulting in additional fat deposits in the omentum

[STRUCURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] composed almost entirely of mucous cells

Simple columnar epithelium

[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus

Mucous cells

[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] produces the protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens]

Chief cells

[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] a powerful and abundant protein digestive enzyme secreted by the gastric chief cells as a proenzyme and then converted by gastric acid in the gastric lumen to the active enzyme pepsin

Pepsinogen

[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] – produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes

Parietal Cells

[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] – produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes

Parietal Cells

[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] – produce thin acidic mucus ## Footnote – produce thin acidic mucus § different from the mucus produced by mucous cells of the mucosa

Mucous neck cells

[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA] produce local hormones such as gastrin

Enteroendocrine cells

-body’s major digestive organ - longest portion of the alimentary tube (2-4 m, or 7-13 ft, in a living person)

Small Intestine

[TRUE OR FALSE] Small intestine is the site of nutrition absorption in blood

TRUE

suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

Small intestine

[TRUE OR FALSE] The small intestine is a muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

TRUE

3 subdivisions of the small intestine

-duodenum -jejunum -ileum

Is a subdivision of the small intestine that is the receiving chamber of the pancreatic juices

Duodenum

Is a subdivision of the small intestine and is the terminal end

Iluem

Is a subdivision of the small intestine and is the stretch of the body

Jejunum

[TRUE OR FALSE] Chemical digestion begins in the large intestine

FALSE ## Footnote chemical digestion begins at the SMALL INTESTINE

[TRUE OR FALSE] Chemical digestion begins in the large intestine

FALSE ## Footnote chemical digestion begins at the SMALL INTESTINE

Enzymed produced by the intestinal cells and pancreas are carried to the ________ and by ______________

duodenum; pancreatic ducts

– formed by the liver, enters the duodenum via the bile duct

Bile

location where the main pancreatic duct and bile ducts join

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

[TRUE OF FALSE] In structural modifications, the small intesint INCREASES surface are for food absorption

TRUE

fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa

Villi ## Footnote plural for villus

[TRUE OR FALSE] Each tiny villus houses a capillary bed and lacteal

TRUE

tiny projections of the plasma membrane (brush border enzymes)

Microvilli

deep folds of mucosa and submucosa

Circular folds (plicae circulares)

o collections of lymphatic tissue o located in submucosa

Peyer's Patches

o collections of lymphatic tissue o located in submucosa

Peyer's Patches

o collections of lymphatic tissue o located in submucosa

Peyer's Patches

[TRUE OR FALSE] Peyer's Patches DECREASE in number toward the end of the small intestine

FALSE ## Footnote INCREASE in number

larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 15 m than the small intestine * extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus

Large Intestine

larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 15 m than the small intestine * extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus

Large Intestine

What are the 5 subdivisions of the large intestine

Cecum Appendix Colon Rectum Anal Canal

A subdivision of the large intestine and is saclike first part of the large intestine

Cecum

A subdivision of the large intestine and hands from the cecum ## Footnote accumulation of lymphoid tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (Appendicitis)

Appendix

- The longest part of the large intestine (a tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other). - Removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food.

Colon

travels up right side of abdomen and makes a turn at the right colic (hepatic) flexure

Ascending colon

travels across the abdominal cavity and turns at the left colic (splenic) flexure

Transverse colon

A subdivision of the large intestine and ends at the anus

Anal Canal

opening of the large intestine

Anus

Travels down the left side

Descending

S-shaped regions and enters the pelvis

Sigmoid colon

- a short tube of skeletal muscle surrounding the inferior portion of the anal canal and is voluntary

External Anal Sphincter

a thin, white muscle wrapped around the anal canal

Internal Anal Spinchter ## Footnote The internal sphincter contracts during rest and sleep, and keeps small amounts of liquid and gas from escaping unexpectedly. The internal anal sphincter is an involuntary smooth muscle, like the muscles of your intestines.

delivers indigestible food residues to the body’s exterior

Large Intestine

– produce alkaline mucus to lubricate the passage of feces

Goblet cells

– reduced to three bands of muscle called the Teniae Coli

Muscular Externa Layer ## Footnote Teniae Coli - three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the colon surface

– reduced to three bands of muscle called the Teniae Coli

Muscular Externa Layer

These bands teniae coli cause the wall to pucker into _____ (pocketlike sacs)

Haustra ## Footnote The haustral folds (Latin: haustrum, plural: haustra) represent folds of mucosa within the colon. The haustra refer to the small segmented pouches of bowel separated by the haustral folds. They are formed by circumferential contraction of the inner muscular layer of the colon.

is activated by the presence of chyme and serves to move food slowly to the next haustra, along with mixing the chyme to help with water absorption.

Haustral Contractions

What are the accessory digestive organs

Teeth Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver Gall Bladder

masticate (chew) food into smaller fragments

Teeth

[TRUE OR FALSE] Teeth are classified according to shape and function

TRUE

Teeth for cutting

Incisors

Teeth for tearing or piercing

Canines (eyeteeth)

Teeth for grinding

Premolars (bisuspids) and molars

exposed part of tooth above the gingiva (gum)

Crown

Covers the crown

Enamel

found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth, surrounds the pulp cavity

Dentin

contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers (pulp)

Pulp Cavity

– where the pulp cavity extends into the root

Root Canal

In the root of the teth that covers the outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane (ligament)

Cement

In the root of the teeh that holds tooth in place in the bony jaw

Periodontal membrane

connector between the crown and root

Neck

Region in contact with the gum

Root

What are the three pairs of salivary glands that empty secretions into the mouth

- Parotid glands - Submandibular glands - Sublingual glands

Salivary gland that is the found anterior to the ears

Parotid glands

Salivary gland that is the found anterior to the ears

Parotid glands

[TRUE OR FALSE] Parotid (salivary) glands are affected by MUMPS

TRUE

empty saliva into the floor of the mouth through small ducts

both submandibular and sublingual glands

mixture of mucus and serous fluids

Saliva

helps to moisten and bind food together into a mass called bolus dissolve chemicals so they can be tasted

Saliva ## Footnote Bolus - food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva

Saliva contains what?

- Salivary amylase - Lysozymes and antibodies

A saliva that begins starch digestion

Salivary amylase

In the saliva that inhibits bacteria

Lysozymes and antibodies

* soft, pink triangular gland * found posterior to the parietal peritoneum o mostly retroperitoneal

Pancreas

* extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum * produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food * secretes enzymes into the duodenum

Pancreas

introduced with enzymes neutralizes acidic chyme coming from stomach

Alkaline Fluid

Hormones procued by the pancreas

- Insulin - Glucagon

* largest gland in the body * located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm * consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament

Liver

What is the digestive role of the liver?

produce bile

Bile leaves the liver throught the ______________ and enters __________ through the ________

common hepatic duct; duodenum; bile duct

[TRUE OR FALSE] Bile is yellow-green, watery solution

TRUE

Biles contains what

- Bile salts - Bile pigments (mostlu bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin) - cholesterol - phospholipids - electrolytes

TRUE OR FALSE Bile emulsifies (breaks down) fats

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Bile emulsifies (breaks down) fats

TRUE

is an accessory organ and a green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver

Gall Bladder

is an accessory organ and a green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver

Gall Bladder

What are the 3 Essential processes of the GI tract

o Ingestion o Propulsion o Mechanical Breakdown

What are the 3 Essential processes of the GI tract

o Ingestion o Propulsion o Mechanical Breakdown

An essential process of the GI tract and is the placing of food into the mouth

Ingestion

An essential process of the GI tract and is the movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another

Propulsion

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeeze food along the GI tract

Peristalsis

movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine

Segmentation

o prepares food for further degradation by enzymes o mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue

Food Breakdown: Mechanical Breakdown

o churning of food in the stomach o segmentation in the small intestine

Food Breakdown: Mechanical Breakdown

occurs when enzymes chemically break down large molecules into their building blocks

Food Breakdown: Digestion

Carbohydrates : broken down to ______ (simple sugar) § Proteins : broken down to ____ § Fats : broken down to ____ and _____

Carbohydrates : broken down to ***monosaccharides (simple sugar)* § Proteins : broken down to *amino acids* § Fats : broken down to fatty *acids and glycerol*

o ends products of digestion are absorbed in the blood r lymph o food must enter mucosal cells and then move into lood or lymph capillaries

Absorption

elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces

Defecation

[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS] o food is placed into the mouth § Physically broken down by chewing § mixed with saliva – released in response to mechanical pressure and psychic stimuli § salivary amylase begins starch digestion

Food Ingestion and Breakdown ## Footnote no food absorption occurs in the mouth

TRUE OR FALSE pharynx and esophagus have no digestive function and they serve serve as passageways to the stomach

TRUE

[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS] o swallowing and peristalsis

Food Propulsion

TRUE OR FALSE Pharynx functions in swallowing (deglutition) and has 2 phases

TRUE

[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS] Pharynx has 2 phases in swallowing or deglutition)

Buccal phase Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS] § voluntary § occurs in the mouth § food is formed into a bolus

Buccal Phase ## Footnote § Bolus – forced into the pharynx by the tongue

[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS] § involuntary transport of the bolus by peristalsis § nasal and respiratory passageways – blocked

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase

TRUE OR FALSE Pharynx functions in swallowing (deglutition) and has 2 phases

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the small intestine

FALSE ## Footnote toward the STOMACH

It opens when food presses against it

Cardioesophageal Sphincter

Gastric Juice is regulated by __ and ___

neural; hormonal factors

TRUE OR FALSE presence of food or rising pH causes the release of the hormone gastrin

TRUE

causes stomach glands to produce : § Protein-digesting enzymes § Mucus § Hydrochloric Acid

Gastrin

Gastrin causes stomach to produce? ## Footnote there are 3

causes stomach glands to produce : - Protein-digesting enzymes - Mucus - Hydrochloric Acid

§ activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion § provides a hostile environment for microorganisms

Acidic pH

– digestion enzymes

Protein

– an active protein-digesting enzyme

Pepsin

works on digesting milk protein in infants, not produced in adults

Rennin

virtually the only items absorbed in the stomach

Alcohol and aspirin

Where to the waves of peristalsis occur and force food past the pyloric sphincter

from the fundus to pylorus

TRUE OR FALSE In grinding the pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine (3mL at a time)

TRUE

peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing contents back into the stomach; the stomach empties in 4-6 hours

Retropulsion

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] Intestinal enzymes from the brush border function to :

o break double sugars into simple sugars o complete some protein digestion

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] These enzymes help to complete digestion of all food groups ## Footnote 2 enzymes

Intestinal and pancreatic enzymes

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] This enzyme play the major role in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Pancreatic Enzymes

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] This neutralizes acidic chyme and provides the proper environment for the pancreatic enzymes to operate

Alkaline content

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] Release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas into the duodenum is stimulated by :

o Vagus nerves o Local hormones that trave via the blood to influence the release of pan § Secretin § Cholecystokinin (CCK)

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] TRUE OR FALSE Hormones (secretin and CCK) also target the liver and gallbladder to release bile

TRUE

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] § acts as a fat emulsifier § needed for fat absorption and absorption of fat- soluble vitamins (K, D, E and A)

Bile

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] TRUE OR FALSE Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine

TRUE ## Footnote o water follows the absorbed nutrients to the capillaries due to osmosis, movement of water from area of lower to higher solute)

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] TRUE OR FALSE In the end products of digestion, o most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell membranes, and o lipids are absorbed by diffusion

TRUE

[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION] TRUE OR FALSE Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein or lymph

TRUE ## Footnote o liver can convert nutrients, store or supply them to cells if needed

In the propulsion of food residue and defecation, this is the slow, powerful movements that occur three to four times per day

Mass Movements

In the propulsion of food residue and defecation, this is the slow, powerful movements that occur three to four times per day

Mass Movements

TRUE OR FALSE In the presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex wherein Internal anal sphincter is RELAXED

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE In the presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex, wherein Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE In nutrition and metabolism 1. Most foods are used as metabolic fuel 2. Foods are REDUCED and transformed into ATP 3. Energy value of food is measured in KILOCALORIES(KCAL) and CALROEID (cal)

1. TRUE 2. FALSE - OXIDIZED 3. TRUE

chemical energy that drives cellular activities

ATP

What are the major nutrients? Name 4

o carbohydrates o lipids o proteins o water

What are the minor nutrients? Name 2

- Vitamins - Minerals

a diet consisting food from the five food groups normally guarantees adequate amounts of all the needed nutrients

- fruits - vegetables - grain products - milk products - meat, - and its alternatives

- Is issued on 1992 - 6 major food groups arranged horizontally

Healthy Eating Pyramid

- issued in 2011 by the USDA - 5 food groups are arranged by a round plate

MyPlate

What are the 2 dietary carbohydrates?

Sugars and starches

Carbohydrates includes: - lactose from____ - small amounts of glycogens from ____

Milk; meats

Lipids saturated fats can be from _____

Animal products (meat)

Lipids saturated fats are from __

Animal products (meat)

Lipids unsaturated fats are from

Nuts, seeds, vegetables oils

Lipids cholesterol from

egg yolk, meats, and milk products (dairy products)

These contain essential amino acids

Complete proteins

TRUE OR FALSE Most complete amino acids are from animal products (eggs, milk, meat, poultry and fish)

TRUE

Are those that the body CANNOT MAKE and must be OBTAINED through DIET

Essential amino acids

These 2 types of food also have proteins, but the proteins are INCOMPLETE

Legumes and beans

TRUE OR FALSE Most vitamins function as COENZYMES

TRUE

binds to an enzyme and helps it to catalyze a reaction And are found mainly fruits and vegetables

Vitamins

Mainly important for enzyme activity

Minerals

What are the food RICHEST IN MINERALS? Name 4

Vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meat

all of the chemical reactions necessary to maintain life

Metabolism

substances are broken down to simpler substances - energy is released and captured to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Catabolism

larger molecules are built from smaller ones

Anabolism

body’s preferred source to produce cellular energy (ATP)

Carbohydrates

o major breakdown product of carbohydrate digestion o fuel used to make ATP

Glucose (blood sugar)

as glucose is broken down, carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are formed

Cellular Respiration

What are the 3 Metabolic Pathways of cellular respiration

o Glycolysis o Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) o Electron transport chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

1. excessively high levels of glucose in the blood 2. low levels of glucose in the blood

1. Hyperglycemia [o excess glucose is stored in body cells as glycogen or converted to fat] 2. Hypoglycemia

breakdown of glycogen to form glucose, glycogen is a polysaccharide with glucose as its building block/monomer

Glycogenesis

Restore normal blood glucose levels

Fat breakdown

o insulate the body o protect organs o build some cell structures (membranes and myelin sheaths) o provide reserve energy

Fats

Stored in subcutaneous tissue and other fat deposits

Excess dietary fat

TRUE OR FALSE When carbohydrates are in limited supply, LESS fats are broken down to produce ATP

FALSE. MORE FATS

– form the bulk of cell structure and most functional molecules o carefully conserved by body cells

PROTEINS

- actively taken up from blood by body cells - broken down to form ATP mainly when other fuel sources are not available

Amino acids

released as amino acids are broken down for fuel source

Ammonia

o detoxified by liver cells that combine with carbon dioxide to form urea - excreted as a component oof urine through the urinary system

Ammonia

TRUE OR FALSE Liver is the body’s key metabolic organ

TRUE

5 roles of liver in digestion

o manufactures bile o detoxifies drugs and alcohol o degrades hormones o produces cholesterol, blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins) o plays a central role in metabolism

TRUE OR FALSE Liver CAN’T REGENERATE if part of it is damage or removed

FALSE. IT CAN REGENERATE

What are the 3 things that liver do to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels

- GlycogeNESIS (glycogen FORMATION) - GlycogeNOLYSIS (glycogen SPLITTING) - Glucogenesis (formation of NEW SUGAR)

- glucose molecules are converted to glycogen and stored in the liver - causingbloodglucoseleveltogodown

Glycogenesis (glycogen formation)

§ Glucose is released from the liver after conversion from glycogen § causing blood glucose level to go up

Glycogenolysis – “glycogen splitting”

- Glucose is produced from fats and proteins - causing blood glucose level to go up

Gluconeogenesis – “formation of new sugar”

Fats and fatty acids are pricked up by what organ?

Liver

TRUE OR FALSE Fats or fatty acids - some are oxidized/broken down to provide energy for liver cells and the rest and stored or broken down into simpler compounds and released into the blood

TRUE

Most abundant protein in the blood

Albumin

combined with carbon dioxide to form urea – which is flushed from the body in urine

Ammonia

TRUE OR FALSE Cholesterol is used to make ATP

FALSE. IT IS NOT USED to make ATP

How many percentage of cholesterol are produced in the ff: 1. Liver 2. Diet

1. Liver - 85% 2. Diet - 15%

TRUE OR FALSE cholesterol and fatty acids freely circulate in the bloodstream

FALSE. THEY CANNON FREELY CIRCULATE

Cholesterol are transported by ______ (lipid protein complexes) known as LDLs and HDLs.

Lipoproteins

This lipoprotein transport cholesterol to body cells; BAD LIPOPROTEINS

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

This lipoprotein tranport cholesterol form body cells to liver; GOOD LIPOPROTEINS

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

TRUE OR FALSE LDLs are rated as BAD LIPOPROTEINS because they can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE HDLs are rated as GOOD PROTEINS since cholesterol is destined for BREAKDOWN and ELIMINATION

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Energy Intake = total energy output

TRUE

Heat + work + energy storage

Energy Intake

- Energy liberated during food oxidation/break down - Energy produced during glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

Energy intake

- energy we lose as heat (60%) - energy stored as fator glycogen

Energy output

Interference with the body’s energy balance leads to:

- obesity - Malnutrition

Carbohydrates and protein yields ___ kcal/gram

Fats yield __kcal/gram

amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest

Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)

What is the average BMR for an average 70-kg (154 lb) adult?

60 to 72 hour kcal/hour

A factor that influences BMR that is a small body usually have a higher BMR

Surface area

TRUE OR FALSE Males tends to have HIGHER BMRs

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE Adults have higher BMRs than children and adolescents

FALSE. Children and adolescents have HIGHER BMRs.

TRUE OR FALSE the amount of thyroxine produced is the LEAST important important factor to influence BMR

FALSE. MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR

TRUE OR FALSE More thyroxine means a HIGHER BMR

True

TRUE OR FALSE Strong emotions increases BMR

TRUE

total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities

Total Metabolic (TMR)

TRUE OR FALSE TMR DECREASES dramatically with an increase in muscle activity

FALSE. INCREASES dramatically

TRUE OR FALSE TMR must have must equal calories consumed to maintain homeostasis and maintain a constant weight

TRUE

Where is the body’s thermostat?

Hypothalamus

– initiates mechanisms to maintain body temperature

Hypothalamus

This mechanism involve radiation of heat from skin and evaporation of sweat

Heat LOSS Mechanism

This mechanism involve vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels and shivering

Heat-PROMOTING Mechanisms

- Is controlled hyperthermia - results from infection, cancer, allergic reactions, CNS injuries Hyper = high Therm = thermometer/temperature

Fever

TRUE OR FALSE if the body thermostat is set too high, body proteins many be denatured, and permanent brain damage may occur

TRUE

In which week of development is alimentary canal present in pregnancy?

Fifth (5th)

TRUE OR FALSE 1. The developing fetus – receives all nutrients through the placenta 2. In newborns – feeding must be frequent. peristalsis is inefficient, and vomiting is common

1. TRUE 2. TRUE

This newborn reflex helps the infant FIND the nipple

Rooting reflex

This newborn reflex helps the infant hold on to the nipple and swallow

Sucking Reflex

Teething begins around age of ?

6 months

A problem in the digestive system where inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract; can occur at any time

Gastroenteritis

inflammation of the appendix; common in adolescents

Appendicitis

TRUE OR FALSE Metabolism DECREASES with old age

TRUE

1. Is a middle age digestive problems where there are sores on the lining of the stomach or intestine 2. Another middle age digestive problem

1. Ulcers 2. Gallbladder problems

What are the 2 Later middle age digestive problems

- Obesity - Diabetes Mellitus

What are the 3 activities of digestive tract in OLD AGE

o fewer digestive juices o peristalsis slows o Diverticulosis

In diverticulosis, what do you call the small pockets which are formed in the walls of digestive tract - most often in the colon?

Diverticula

occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract.

Diverticulosis

In diverticulosis when one or more of these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called ___.

Diverticulitis

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

(293 cards)