REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
primary sex organs
produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones
A
Gonads
2
Q
Gonads: testes
A
Males
3
Q
Gonads: Ovaries
A
Female
4
Q
What does the testes produce
A
Sperm
5
Q
What does the ovaries produce
A
Ova (eggs)
6
Q
Duct system
Name 3
A
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Urethra
7
Q
Male Accessory organs
Name 3
A
Seminal glands (vesicles)
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
8
Q
Male External Genitalia
Name 2
A
Penis
Scrotum
9
Q
Each testis is connected to the trunk via the _______?
A
spermatic cord
10
Q
Spermatic cord houses the ff:
Name 3
A
Blood vessels
Nerves
Ductus Deferens
11
Q
Covering of the testes: Capsule that surrounds each testis
A
Tunica Albuginea
12
Q
Covering of the testes: Extensions of the capsule that extend into the
testis and divide it into lobules
A
Septa
13
Q
Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules. What are its 3 functions?
A
o Tightly coiled structures
o Function as sperm-forming factories
o Empty sperm into rete testis
14
Q
Sperm travels from the ____ to the ___
A
rete testis; epididymis
15
Q
Sperm travels from the ____ to the ___
A
rete testis; epididymis
16
Q
In the seminifurous tubules and produce androgens such as testosterone
A
Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
17
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Is testosterone an Androgen?
A
TRUE
18
Q
This transport sperm from the body
System
A
Duct System
19
Q
- highly convoluted 6m (20 ft) long
- found along the posterior lateral side of the testis
A
Epididymis
20
Q
- first part of the male duct system
- temporary storage site for immature sperm
A
Epididymis
20
Q
- first part of the male duct system
- temporary storage site for immature sperm
A
Epididymis
21
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
Sperm matures as they journey through the epididymis
A
TRUE
22
Q
- During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the ____
d.d.
A
ductus deferens
23
Q
runs from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the
inguinal canal and arches over the urinary bladder
A
Ductus (vas) deferens
24
end of the ductus deferens, which empties
into the ejaculatory duct
Ampulla
25
passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra
Ejaculatory duct
26
The vas deferens moves sperm by ______ into the urethra
peristalsis
27
smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens
create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward
Ejaculation
28
cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes
prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control)
Vasectomy
29
* extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Urethra
30
TRUE OR FALSE
Urethra carries urine ONLY
FALSE. Urethra carries both URINE and SPERM
31
TRUE OR FALSE
sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
TRUE
32
URETHRA REGIONS
– surrounded by the prostate gland
Prostatic Urethra
33
URETHRA REGIONS
prostatic urethra to penis
Membranous Urethra
34
URETHRA REGIONS
runs the length of the penis
to the external urethral orifice
Spongy (penile) urethra
35
Ejaculation – causes the i____ to close
internal urethral sphincter
36
Ejaculation prevents what?
| name 2
o prevents urine from passing into the urethra
o prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder
37
* located at the base of the bladder
* produce a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen)
Seminal Vesicles
38
Seminal Vesicles produce a secretion that contains what?
| name 4
o Fructose (sugar)
o Vitamin C
o Prostaglandins
Other substances that nourish and activate sperm
39
Pros§ groups of lipids that aide for helping in sperm viability
§ can also act as hormones that control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot and induction of labor
Prostaglandins
39
* encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra
* secretes a milky fluid
Prostate
40
Prostate secretes milky fluid
o helps to activate sperm
o fluid enters the urethra tthorugh several small ducts
41
* pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
* produce a thick, clear mucus
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
42
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS mucus functions to what?
o mucus cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic
urine prior to ejaculation
o mucus serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
43
milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Semen
44
TRUE OR FALSE
In the semen, the milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
TRUE
45
TRUE OR FALSE
In the semen, sperm are streamlined cellular “tadpoles”
TRUE
46
TRUE OR FALSE
fructose provides energy for sperm cells
TRUE
47
TRUE OR FALSE
alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic
environment of vagina
TRUE
48
TRUE OR FALSE
Semen inhibits bacteria
TRUE
49
o divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes
o viable sperm cannot be produced at normal body temperature
o maintain testes at 3 degrees C lower than normal body temperatures
Scrotum
50
male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
Penis
51
internally there are three areas of __ tissue around the urethra
spongy erectile
## Footnote
erections occur when this erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitement
52
What are the 2 chief roles of male reproductive process
o produce sperm
o produce a hormone, testosterone
53
o begins at puberty and continues throughout life
o millions of sperm are made every day
Sperm production
54
Where are sperms formed?
| also found in the testis
seminiferous tubules
55
begin the process of sperm
by dividing rapidly
Spermatogonia (primitive stem cells)
56
SPERM"
During puberty – ___ is secreted in increasing amounts
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
57
* Each division of a spermatogonium stem cell produces :
| TYPES
TYPE A AND B DAUGTHER CELLS
58
Produce by spermatogonium cell; a stem cell that continues the stem cell population
Type A daughter cell
59
Produce by spermatogonium cell; this becomes a primary spermatocyte, destined to undergo meiosis and form four sperm
Type B daugther cell
60
are spermatids with 23 chromosomes
Gametes
## Footnote
o 23 chromosomes are half the usual 46 found in other
body cells
o 23 is known as the haploid number (n) – half the
genetic material as other body cells
61
– nonmotile and not functional as sperm
Spermatids
62
needed to strip excess cytoplasm
from a spermatid and modify it into a sperm
streamlining process
63
A sperm has three regions
- Head
- Midpiece
- Tail
64
sits anterior to the sperm head (nucleus)
Acrosome
65
The entire process of spermatogenesis, including spermiogenesis, takes how many days
64 to 72 days
66
During puberty, this begins prodding
seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
67
During puberty, begins activating the
interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
68
o most important hormonal product of the testes
o stimulates reproductive organ development
o underlies sex drive
o causes secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
69
Female Duct System
| name 3
o Uterine (fallopian tubes)
o Uterus
o Vagina
70
produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and
progesterone)
Ovaries
71
each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of :
o Oocyte (immature egg)
o Follicle cells
72
layers of different cells that surround the oocyte
Follicle cells
73
contains an immature oocyte
Primary Follicle
74
growing follicle with a maturing oocyte
Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle
75
o the follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready
to be ejected from the ovary
o occurs about every 28 days
Ovulation
76
the ruptured follicle is transformed into a ___
corpus luteum
77
Ovary support; secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis
Suspensory Ligaments
78
Ovary support; anchor ovaries to the uterus medially
Ovarian Ligaments
79
o a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovaries in place
Broad Ligaments
80
* form the initial part of the duct system
* receive the ovulated oocyte from the ovaries
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
81
Structure of fallopian tube
| 2
o Infundibulum
o Fimbriae
81
* provide a site for fertilization
* empty into the uterus
* little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes
* supported and enclosed by the broad ligament
Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
82
Structure of fallopian tube; distal, funnel-shaped end
Infundibulum
82
Structure of fallopian tube; § fingerlike projections of the infundibulum
§ receive the oocyte from the ovary
§ Cilia
Fimbriae
83
located inside the urine tube transport the oocyte
Cilia
84
situated between the urinary bladder and rectum
Uterus
85
TRUE OR FALSE
The size and shape of the uterus is a pear in a woman who has never been pregnant
TRUE
86
* receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg
Uterus
87
Uterine Support: suspends the uterus in the pelvis
Broad Ligament
88
Uterine Support; anchors the uterus anteriorly
Round Ligament
89
Uterine Support; anchors the uterus posteriorly
Uterosacral Ligament
90
What are the 3 regions of the uterus
Body
Fundus
Cervix
91
Region of the uterus; main portion
Body
92
Region of the uterus; superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters
Fundus
93
region of the uterus; narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
Cervix
94
Layers of the uterus
| 3
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
95
Layers of the Uterus
§ Inner layer (mucosa)
§ site of implantation of a fertilized egg
§ sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation
or menses
Endometrium
96
Layers of the uterus; middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor
Myometrium
97
Layers of the uterus; outermost serous layer of the uterus
Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum)
98
* passageway that extends from cervix to exterior of body
and is located between urinary bladder and rectum
* serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual flow to
leave the body
Vagina
99
* female organ of copulation
* receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Vagina
100
partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
Hymen
101
* The female external genitalia, or vulva, includes :
| 6
o Mons pubis
o Labia
o Clitoris
o Urethral Orifice
o Vaginal Orifice
o Greater Vestibular Glands
102
* fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
* covered with pubic hair after puberty
MONS PUBIS
103
skin folds
LABIA
104
o hair-covered skin folds
o enclose the labia minora
o also encloses the vestibule
Labia Majora
105
delicate, hair-free folds of skin
Labia Minora
106
o enclosed by labia majora
o contains external openings of the urethra and vagina
Vestibule
107
o one is found on each side of the vagina
o secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse
Greater vestibular glands
108
* contains erectile tissue
* corresponds to the male penis
* lacks a reproductive duct
Clitoris
109
the clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is :
o hooded by a prepuce
o composed of sensitive erectile tissue
o swollen with blood during sexual excitement
110
diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally
Perineum
111
TRUE OR FALSE
The total supply of eggs is determined by the time a female is born
TRUE
112
– process of producing ova (eggs) in a female
Oogenesis
113
female stem cells found in a developing fetus
Oogonia
114
undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes
that are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary
Oogonia
115
TRUE OR FALSE
Primary oocytes are active until puberty
FALSE. INACTIVE
116
This hormone causes some primary follicles to mature each moth
Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)
117
TRUE OR FALSE
If the secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a sperm, it dies and does not complete meiosis to form an ovum
TRUE
118
are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
Sperm
119
is large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
Egg
120
o produced by follicle cells
o cause secondary sex characteristics
Estrogens
121
o produced by the corpus luteum
o production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
Progesterone
122
TRUE OR FALSE
Progesterone does not contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
True
123
2 major effects of progesterone
§ helps maintain pregnancy (by increasing blood supply in the endometrium where the fertilized egg is implanted)
§ preparesthebreastformilkproduction
124
Cyclic changes of the endometrium, about __ days in length
38
125
regulated by cyclic production of estrogens and
progesterone by the ovaries
UTERINE (MENSTRUAL CYCLE)
126
Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
o Menstrual Phase
o Proliferative stage
o Secretory stage
127
What stage of menstrual cycle is this
• functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed
• bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days
• ovarian hormones – at their lowest levels
Day 1-5: Menstrual phase
128
What day in the menstrual phase do this happenAQ Z
ZZZW!A
129
What day in the menstrual phase does this occur: growing ovarian follicles are producing more
estrogen
Day 5
130
Stage of menstrual cycle do regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium
Proliferative Stage
131
What happens in the proliferative stage? Name 3
o endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well
vascularized
o estrogen levels rise
o Ovulation
132
This occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage
(at the 14th day)
Ovulation
133
Stage of Menstrual Cycle;
• Levels of progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum) rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium, which becomes more vascular
• Endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation
Day 15 - 28: Secretory Phase
134
Do fertilization occur here or not:
mbryo produces a hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin) that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones
Fertilization does occur
135
Do fertilization occur here or not?
o Corpus Luteum degenerates as LH blood levels
decline
o the phases are repeated about every 28 days
Fertilization does not occur
136
present in both sexes, but function only in females
o modified sweat glands
function is to produce milk to nourish a newborn
Mammary glands
137
Mammary glands stimulated by sex hormones (mostly _____) to increase size
Estrogen
138
Part of the mammary gland: central pigmented area
Areola
139
Part of the mammary gland: protruding central area of areola
Nipple
140
Part of the mammary gland: internal structures that radiate around nipple
Lobes
141
Part of the mammary gland; located within each lobe and contain clusters off alveolar glands
Lobules
142
Part of the mammary gland: produce milk when a woman is lactating(producing milk)
Alveolar Glands
143
Part of the mammary gland: connect alveolar gland to nipple
Lactiferous ducts
144
Part of the mammary gland; dilated portion where milk accumulates
Lactiferous sinus
145
time from fertilization until infant is born
Pregnancy
146
developing offspring
Conceptus
147
period of time from fertilization until week 8
Embryo
148
week 9 until birth
Fetus
149
from date of last period until births (approximately 280 days)
Gestation period
