Digestive system

Question 1

what does the digestive system do

Answer 1

breakdown of food to allow nutrients to enter tissues

Question 2

digestive

Answer 2

physical or chemical breakdown of foods
- chewing, peristalsis, enzymes

Question 3

secretion

Answer 3

chemicals entering digestive system

Question 4

absorption

Answer 4

uptake of nutrients into blood stream

Question 5

elimination

Answer 5

removal of waste and excess food
- also 30% intestinal bacteria

Question 6

major components

Answer 6

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus

Question 7

accessory organs

Answer 7

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

Question 8

mouth

Answer 8

mechanical – teeth
- saliva – moistens food – contains a few enzymes including amylase which breaks down starches

Question 9

teeth

Answer 9

3 main types
- incisors – in the front, they slice
- canines – named after predators, for grasping
- premolars and molars – wider flatter teeth for grinding and chewing

Question 10

bolus

Answer 10

amount of food swallowed
- roughly the same amount every time
- act of chewing and swallowing is conscious after that it is not

Question 11

esophagus

Answer 11

tube between the mouth and stomach

Question 12

peristalsis

Answer 12

muscle contractions of the digestive system

Question 13

sphincters

Answer 13

round muscles that regulate movement of food between digestive organs

Question 14

stomach

Answer 14

muscular sac with 3 muscle layers (rest have 2)
- secretes – hydrochloric acid – helps pull food apart
- pepsins – begin digestion of proteins

Question 15

chyme

Answer 15

food that enters small intestine

Question 16

ulcers

Answer 16

damage to stomach lining

Question 17

small intestine

Answer 17

where most secretion, digestion, and absorption occurs

Question 18

villi

Answer 18

covers small intestine to increase surface area
finger like projection that contains a capillary and a lymph vessel, where absorption occurs

Question 19

accessory organs

Answer 19

not part of the digestive tract because food doesn’t go through it

Question 20

duodenum

Answer 20

1st segment of small intestine
- shortest section
- receives food from stomach
- helps to neutralize the chyme
- receives enzymes and bile from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas

Question 21

jejunum/ileum

Answer 21

2nd and 3rd segments of small intestine
- where majority of digestion and absorption occurs
- digestion should be nearly complete by now

Question 22

liver

Answer 22

vital organ for many body systems
- produces some digestive enzymes and bile
- as part of hepatic (liver) portal system
- nutrients and toxins pass through liver before vena cava

Question 23

large intestine

Answer 23

absorbs some extra nutrients and water
- prepares wastes for excretion
- about 3 ft long
- cecum – 1st part of large intestine
- appendix is at end that contains lymph tissue and bacteria

Question 24

bacteria

Answer 24

extract nutrients
- produce vitamin K

Question 25

waste

Answer 25

most water is removed before excretion

Question 26

macronutrients

Answer 26

needed in large quantities daily
- water, carbs fats, proteins

Question 27

nutrition

Answer 27

getting the most value out of food

Question 28

micronutrients

Answer 28

necessary, but in very small quantities
- can not produce except vitamin D
- vitamins – complex organic molecules needed for cell processes
- minerals – inorganic – electrolytes, etc

Question 29

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 29

A D E K - your body can store in excess in your fat

Question 30

water soluble

Answer 30

B group and C
- body cannot store excess
- the rest gets peed out

Question 31

pancreas

Answer 31

produces a variety of digestive enzymes
contains both exocrine and endocrine glands

Question 32

gallbladder

Answer 32

a small sac that stores bile produced by the liver

Question 33

vitamin deficiency

Answer 33

can cause very serious, even fatal conditions
ex: vitamin A deficiency – night blindness to total blindness
vitamin C deficiency – scurvy can be fatal
vitamin B1 deficiency – beriberi – cause water retention

Question 34

minerals

Answer 34

inorganic compounds
- meats, dark vegetables , fruits, nuts are a good source
- needs some in greater daily supply than others ex: sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium
- others in trace amounts

Question 35

calorie

Answer 35

unit of energy derived from food
- kilocalorie = C is unit
- about 2500 is recommended to maintain current weight

Question 36

basal metabolic rate

Answer 36

amount of energy needed to sustain body at rest

Question 37

body mass index

Answer 37

guideline of your proper weight compared to your height