Digestive System Flashcards by gwen m

functions of digestive system

ingestion of food
digestion of food
absorption of nutrients
elimination of wastes

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digestive system consists of _____

digestive tract, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract, plus specific associated organs

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serves as a protective barrier to indigestible and harmful materials

inner lining of the digestive tract

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digestive tract consists of ______

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

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empty into the oral cavity

salivary glands

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connected to the small intestine

liver and pancreas

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innermost tunic

mucosa

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a loose connective tissue

lamina propria

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a thin smooth muscle layer

muscularis mucosae

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A thick layer of loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and small glands; An extensive network of nerve cell processes forms a plexus (network).

Submucosa

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it consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.

muscularis

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Outermost layer of the digestive tract

Serosa or Adventitia

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Consists of the peritoneum, which is a
smooth epithelial layer, and its underlying
connective tissue.

Serosa

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Continuous with the surrounding
connective tissue

Adventitia

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formed mostly by the orbicularis oris
muscle.

lips

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form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
and contains the buccinator muscles.

cheeks

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a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the
oral cavity

tongue

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an anterior attachment to the floor of
the mouth by a thin fold of tissue

frenulum

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There are ___ teeth in the normal adult mouth,
located in the mandible and maxillae.

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teeth quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower.

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teeth of adults are called

permanent teeth, or secondary teeth

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Replacements for the 20 primary teeth, deciduous teeth

milk or baby teeth

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center of the teeth which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, called pulp

pulp cavity

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living, cellular, bonelike tissue

dentil

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an extremely hard, acellular substance which protects the tooth against abrasion and acids produced by bacteria in the mouth.

enamel

covers the surface of the dentin in the root surface of the dentin in the root

cementum

dense fibrous connective tissue and moist stratified squamous epithelium that covers the alveolar processes

Gingiva or gums

connective tissue fibers that extend from the alveolar walls and are embedded into the cementum that hold the teeth in places.

Periodontal ligaments

the result of the breakdown of enamel by acids produced by bacteria on the tooth surface.

Dental caries or tooth decay

inflammation and degeneration of the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone.

Periodontal disease

roof of the oral cavity; two parts

palate; hard and soft palate

posterior extension of the soft palate

uvula

located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity, in the nasopharynx

tonsils

produce saliva, which is a mixture of serous (watery) and mucous fluids.

salivary glands

serous glands located just anterior to each ear.

parotid glands

an inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection.

mumps

produce more serous than mucous secretions

submandibular glands

produce primarily mucous secretions

sublingual glands

helps keep the oral cavity moist and contains enzymes that begin the process of digestion.

saliva

a digestive enzyme that breaks the covalent bonds between glucose molecules in starch and other polysaccharides to produce the disaccharides maltose and isomaltose.

salivary amylase

protects the mouth from bacterial infection by washing the oral cavity with lysozyme, a mildly antibacterial enzyme.

saliva

increases the efficiency of digestion by increasing the surface area

mastication

primarily cut and tear food

Incisors and canines

primarily crush and grind food

Premolars and molars

Connects the mouth with the esophagus

pharynx (throat)

A muscular tube, lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium, that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

An enlarged segment of the digestive tract in the left superior part of the abdomen.

stomach

most superior part of the stomach

fundus

largest part of the stomach

body

opening from the esophagus into the stomach.

Gastroesophageal Opening

region of the stomach around the gastroesophageal opening.

Cardiac Region

opening from the stomach into the small intestine.

Pyloric Opening

relatively thick ring of smooth muscle.

Pyloric Sphincter

region of the stomach near the pyloric opening.

Pyloric Region

three muscular layers of the stomach

1. Outer Longitudinal Layer 2. Middle Circular Layer 3. Inner Oblique Layer

large folds of submucosa and mucosa of the stomach when it is empty.

rugae

produce mucus which coats and protects the stomach lining.

Surface Mucous Cells

produce mucus.

Mucous Neck Cells

produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

Parietal Cells

produce regulatory chemicals

Endocrine Cells

produce pepsinogen.

Chief Cells

semifluid mixture of ingested food and stomach secretions.

Chyme

kills microorganisms and activates pepsin from its inactive form, called pepsinogen.

Hydrochloric Acid

breaks covalent bonds of proteins to form smaller peptide chains.

Pepsin

lubricates the epithelial cells of the stomach wall and protects them from the damaging effect of the acidic chyme and pepsin.

Mucus

binds with vitamin B12 and makes it more readily absorbed in the small intestine.

Intrinsic Factor

viewed as the "get started" phase.

Cephalic Phase

hormone which stimulates additional secretory activity.

Gastrin

both a a paracrine chemical signal and a hormone that enters the blood to stimulate gastric gland secretory activity. It is also the most potent stimulator of hydrochloric acid secretion.

Histamine

"go fot it" phase.

Gastric phase

"slow down" phase.

Intestinal Phase

relatively weak contractions waves, which thoroughly mix ingested food with stomach secretions to form chyme.

Mixing Waves

stronger contractions which force the chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter.

Peristaltic Waves

The major site of digestion and absorption of food, which are accomplished due to the presence of a large surface area.

small intestine

three parts of small intestine

Duodenum : 25 cm long Jejunum : 25 m long Ileum: 3.5 m long

three modifications of small intestine

Circular folds Villi Microvilli

liver is divided by _____

falciform ligament, with additional caudate and quadrate lobes.

the “gate” through which blood vessels, ducts, and nerves enter or exit the liver

porta

delivers oxygen-rich blood.

hepatic artery

Blood is released through ____ into the inferior vena cava.

hepatic veins

a network of ducts connects the liver to the duodenum.

bile pathway

liver functions

Digestion Excretion Nutrient storage Nutrient conversion Detoxification of harmful chemicals Synthesis of new molecules

Comprises both endocrine and exocrine tissues; Islet cells produce insulin and glucagon, regulating blood levels of nutrients like glucose and amino acids.

pancreas

functions as a compound acinar gland.

exocrine structure

Smaller ducts join to form larger ducts, culminating in the pancreatic duct.

duct system

Combined ducts empty into the duodenum.

pancreatic duct connection

pancreas function

produces HCO3− and digestive enzymes digestion regulation hormones

responsible for processing indigestible food material (chyme) after most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.

large intestine

large intestine parts

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

The proximal end of the large intestine where it joins with the small intestine at the ileocecal junction

cecum

a blind sac off the cecum

appendix

The longest part of the large intestine

colon

colon parts

ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal

rectum

channel connecting the rectum to the end of the gastrointestinal system, the anus

anal canal

smooth muscle

internal anal sphincter

skeletal muscle

external anal sphincter

large intestine functions

feces production and water absorption.

elimination of feces.

defecation

moves feces through the internal anal sphincter.

reflex activity

regulates movement through the external anal sphincter

voluntary activity

the chemical breakdown of organic molecules into their component parts.

digestion

ways of to metabolise

digestion, absorption, and transportation.

biomolecules

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Water and Minerals

are split into disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylases.

polysaccharides

bile salts emulsify ___

lipids

breaks down lipids

lipase

used to build new proteins or to serve as a source of energy.

proteins

Digestive System Flashcards

(108 cards)