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GI physiology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

where does most of absorption takes place in the GI tract ?

A

Small Intestine (Jejunum)

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2
Q

What is the correct order for the parts of SI ?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum

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3
Q

Where in the GI tract does the common bile duct drain into?

A

Descending Duodenum

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4
Q

Which region of the GI tract does the pancreatic duct drain into?

A

Ascending Duodenum

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5
Q

How does oesophagus mechanically work?

A

Mechanically moves the food

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6
Q

How does oesophagus chemically work?

A

Chemically process and digest

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7
Q

What are the accessory organs ?

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
pancreas

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8
Q

What does the accessory organs do?

A

They’re involved in the chemical digestion of food

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9
Q

What is the innermost layer of the Gut ?

A

Mucosa

(Lamina propia, epithelium and muscularis mucosa)

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10
Q

What is the middle layer?

A

Submucosa

(blood vessels arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves)

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11
Q

What is the third layer called?

A

Muscularis (Peristalsis)

1) The inner muscle is the *Circular **

2) Outer muscle is longitudinal

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12
Q

What is the fourth layer?

A

Serosa

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13
Q

What is the structure called if it is present inside the intraperitoneum?

A

Serosa

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14
Q

What is the structure called if it is present inside the retroperitoneum? (Behind the peritoneum)

A

Adventitia

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15
Q

What is Intestinal Villi?

A

Finger-like projection which is ,made of cells throughout it’s length

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16
Q

What is the function of Villi?

A

It absorbs nutrition from the food and provides them to the bloodstream

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17
Q

What happens if the function of villi isn’t good enough?

A

When it doesn’t absorb the nutrients, leads to malnutrition.

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18
Q

What is Brush Border

A

increase the surface area for the food and water molecules to absorb but if there are any injuries it does not grow

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19
Q

What enzymes does at the villi?

A

Villi has an enzyme at the top of it and it breaks down Lactulose

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20
Q

Lactose

A

digest sugar molecule

Predominant in cow milk

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21
Q

What is Lactic acid?

A

Produced by the breakdown of glucose under anaerobic condition ( without oxygen)

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22
Q

What condition affect the villi and lamina propia?

A

Ceoliac disease

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23
Q

What are autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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24
Q

What is Parasympathetics and example?

A

It stimulates the movement of peristalsis and digestion

eg it helps to enjoy the food while eating

Vagus Nerve

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25
What is sympathetic and an example ?
Flight or fight Inhibit digestion
26
What are the two neural plexus?
Myenteric plexus Submucosal plexus
27
Submucosal plexus
Present in the submucosa Closer to the Villi Controls hormones, secretion, and digestion could identify the pain due to Ulcer
28
Myenteric plexus
Present in the Longitudinal muscle layer The myenteric nerves system informs when people are in pain due to constant diarrhoea (motility)
29
Where does salivation occur?
Parotid (the largest gland)
30
What is the name of the lower jaw?
Submandibular glands and they are a pair!
31
What does submandibular gland does ?
It moistens the saliva, helps the process of chewing, swallowing and digestion
32
What is sublingual gland?
They are the smallest gland , situated under the tongue
33
What are the enzyme present in saliva?
Amylase
34
What does amylase do?
Breakdown carbohydrate
35
What nerves are at the back of the tongue?
Vagus Nerve
36
Are there any receptors in the tongue?
Yes, ion channel receptors detect food molecules and send them to the brain to identify the flavour
37
What does the tongue produce?
Lipase to help digest lipids
38
Functions of Saliva
Protection of mouth Infection control Lubrication of mouth and food Buffer Digestion
39
Increased Salivation
Parasympathetic
40
Decreased Salivation
Sympathetic
41
Phases of Swallowing
The upper oesophageal sphincter is contracted letting the tongue pass through the hard palate, food bolus into the oropharynx
42
During the pharyngeal phase, what prevents the food from entering into the respiratory passageway?
The uvula and larynx
43
What moves the food into the oesophagus?
Peristalsis
44
What muscles does the oesophagus have?
It has both circular and longitudinal
45
How many phases of swallowing ?
3 Voluntary Involuntary Oesophageal phase
46
Voluntary phase
When the tongue moves the bolus to the back of the throat
47
Involuntary phase
Peristalsis push the bolus into the oesophagus
48
Oesophageal phase
the pressure along the oesophagus during dysphagia
49
What coordinates peristalsis?
Medulla oblangata
50
What protects the food getting into the airway?
Glottis
51
what is the mucous membrane of the esophagus called?
Stratified squamous epithelium
52
What are the 2 oesophageal sphincter
Lower Oesophageal sphincter Pyloric oesophageal sphincter
53
What are the layers of stomach?
Circular Longitudinal Oblique
54
What enzymes are present in the stomach?
Pepsin
55
What is the acid present in stomach
HCL
56
How long does it take the chyme to move from the stomach?
3 hours
57
What does stomach breaks down?
Proteins and lipids protein digestion starts in the stomach
58
What is produced in the stomach?
Gastrin
59
What is the hormonal control of peristalsis?
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
60
What is GIP
It releases insulin ( sugar will enter into the cell) slows the peristalsis and fatty food emptying
61
What is Enterogastric reflux ?
Reflecting back into the duodenum
62
The neuron that contraction is controlled by ?
Myenteric plexus
63
Cells that contraction is controlled by?
Pacemaker cells, Interstitial cells of Cajal
64
What are the pit that make up the stomach?
Surface Mucous Cell Mucous Neck cell Parietal cell Chief cell G cell
65
What does the mucous cell do?
Protects from HCL and enzymes
66
What does the Neck cell do?
Protects from HCL and enzymes
67
What does the parietal cell do?
it secretes HCL and destroys bacteria HCL converts pepsinogen into pepsin It also secretes intrinsic factors, it binds vit B12 to allow digestion
68
What does the chief cells do?
Secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
69
What does the G cell do?
Secrete Gastrin and control HCL It also relaxes the pyloric sphincter
70
HCL is secreted by?
Parietal cell
71
What hormone does HCL secretion?
Gastrin
72
In which cell does the first step of the secretion of HCL takes place ?
In parietal cell
73
What happens in the parietal cell during the secretion of HCL?
Water and carbondioxide combine to form Bicarbonate
74
What happens to the bicarbonate being produced ?
It will be transported into the blood capillaries for Cl- ions by antiporters
75
Where does the Proton pump work?
In the gastric Lumen
76
What can vomiting lead to?
Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration and acid-base balance
77
Where is the vomiting centre ?
Medulla oblangata
78
What is the colour of Oesophageal bleed ?
Fresh red blood
79
What is the colour of the Bleed in stomach?
Brown colour vomit
80
Ulcer in the small intestine?
Malena ( Dark starry stool)
81
What is the function of SI and LI?
absorb all the nutrients
82
Where does all the nutrients go?
It will be absorbed in the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein which combined to form portal vein
83
What is the function of Liver?
1. Detoxification 2. Produce bile and stored in the gall bladder 3. glucose metabolism 4. Blood sugar regulation by glucagon
84
Bile
Very alkaline
85
what does Bile do?
helps absorb fats into fatty acids
86
What are the parts of pancreas?
Head Body Tail
87
Which cells produce juice from the pancreas?
Acinar cells
88
What enzymes does the Acinar cells produce?
Amylase Protease Lipase Nuclease
89
What controls Acinar cells?
CCK
90
How bile is produced?
When the chyme from the stomach gets into the duodenum (too acidic) the bicarbonate in the pancreas acts as a buffer and transports through the duct and mixes with the chyme
91
What are the phases of pancreatic secretion?
Cephalic phase Gastric phase Intestinal phase Absorbed nutrient phase
92
Cephalic phase
it starts the pancreatic secretion from the sight, smell , taste, and action of chewing through Vagus nerve reflux
93
Gastric Phase
Digestion of the stomach increases pancreatic secretion through vagus nerve
94
Intestinal phase
the food enters into the SI
95
What hormones does the intestinal phase release ?
Choleocystokiinin (CCK)
96
what is enteroendocrine cells?
when the chyme enters the duodenum causes enteroendocrine cells to release cck and secretin
97
What is the function of secretin ?
helps the liver to make bile
98
What is the function of CCK?
it makes the gall bladder to contract (fatty meals)
99
What does the villi do?
increases the surface area for the better absorption
100
What does the veins absorb?
Carbs and protein
101
What does the arteries do?
arteries supply nutrients to breakdown hormones
102
Where does the fats get absorbed in the SI?
Lacteal
103
How does glucose get absorbed in the SI?
Facilitated diffusion -Hepatic portal vein -Liver
104
How does protein get absorbed?
Amino acid directly through diffusion - Hepatic portal vein - Liver
105
How does fat gets absorbed ?
It forms Micelle - diffusion-lacteal- thoracic duct - subclavian vein
106
Function of LI
Absorb water molecules
107
What is illeocaecal sphincter
This is where the content from Small intestine enters into the large intestine but if it is not closed or if there's a problem the bacteria can travel through this way to SI and cause an issue!
108
Bacteria present in Large Intestine ?
E.coli
109
What does E.coli produce?
Vitamin K
110
What is Gastrocolic reflux?
No absorption strong peristalsis movement which passes the food across the colon
111
What is Hastrual churning ?
slow peristalsis movement
112

GI physiology (1 decks)

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