Digestive System

Question 1

Which type of muscle is responsible for the involuntary movement of the digestive tract?

Answer 1

Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary movements in the digestive track.

Question 2

The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________

Answer 2

liver

Question 3

The ________ is the name of the membrane that lines the organs within the abdominal cavity.

Answer 3

Peritoneum

Question 4

Which of these is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?

A) protection
B) secretion
C) absorption
D) mineral storage

Answer 4

D) mineral storage

Question 5

Which of the following is part of the alimentary canal (GI Tract)?

A) liver
B) gall bladder
C) esophagus
D) pancreas

Answer 5

C) esophagus

The esophagus is a modification of the alimentary canal that carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach.

Question 6

Which layer of the alimentary canal contains the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa?

Answer 6

The mucosa; it consists of the epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa.

Question 7

Which component of the nervous system controls the rhythm and force of the contractions in the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal?

Answer 7

The myenteric plexus; it controls the rhythm and force of contractions of the muscularis layer.

Question 8

Which membrane covers the stomach?

Answer 8

visceral peritoneum

Question 9

The teeth and tongue are accessory digestive organs. How do they contribute to digestion?

Answer 9

The teeth and tongue aid in mechanical digestion in the mouth.

Question 10

True or false: lipids are not organic molecules essential to human functioning

Answer 10

False: they are an organic molecule essential for human functioning

Question 11

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Answer 11

The primary function of the digestive system is to break down consumed food and absorb nutrients

Question 12

If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?

Answer 12

molecules

Question 13

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestines are known as

Answer 13

Lacteals

Question 14

What type of muscle has no striations and it is present in the walls of hollow organs like the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, in the walls of passageways, such as the arteries and veins, and in the eyes?

Answer 14

Smooth

Question 15

Which of the following is a hormone commonly used to regulate the process and rate of digestion?

Answer 15

Gastrin; it is a hormone commonly used to regulate the process and rate of digestion.

Question 16

Which of these statements about reflexes in the GI tract is false?
A) Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
B) Short reflexes are mediated by the enteric nervous system.
C) Food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes.
D) Long reflexes can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract.

Answer 16

A) Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.

Question 17

Where does ingestion occur?

Answer 17

The mouth or oral cavity

Question 18

The acidic “soup” chyme is produced in what digestive organ?

Answer 18

Stomach

Question 19

How is segmentation helpful to maximize absorption in the small intestines?

Answer 19

Segmentation maximizes absorption by moving food back and forth increasing contact with digestive juices.

Question 20

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________.

Answer 20

saliva contains enzymes

Question 21

What is the action of the masseter?

Answer 21

closing the jaw

Question 22

The names of the extrinsic tongue muscles commonly end in ________

Answer 22

glossus

Question 23

Which nerve is responsible for taste, as well as salivation, in the anterior oral cavity?

Answer 23

facial

Question 24

The little bridge of tissue that anchors the inner surface of your lips to the gums is called the labial _______

Answer 24

frenulum

Question 25

Why is it common for people to complain their mouth is dry before public speaking?

Answer 25

Sympathetic stimulation, responsible for the fight or flight response, results in reduced salivation.

Question 26

What type of teeth are most abundant in an adult mouth?

Answer 26

Molars There are twelve molars.

Question 27

Which of the following is the most inferior portion of the pharynx? A) Larynx B) The Nasopharynx C) The Oropharynx D) The laryngopharynx

Answer 27

D) The laryngopharynx

Question 28

Which of the following is the correct route of food from ingestion to the stomach? A) Oral cavity -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Larynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach B) Oral cavity -> Nasopharynx -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach C) Nasal cavity -> Nasopharynx -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea D) Oral cavity -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach

Answer 28

D) Oral cavity -> Oropharynx -> Laryngopharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach

Question 29

Your brain sending instructions to your stomach to contract and propel food to the intestines would be an example of functioning associated with which division of the nervous system?

Answer 29

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 30

These receptors are stimulated in the stomach when it expands after you have eaten a large meal:

Answer 30

Baroreceptors

Question 31

What is unique about the muscular layer in the stomach?

Answer 31

The stomach contains a third, oblique, layer of muscle as a part of its muscularis

Question 32

Which peritoneal fold suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver?

Answer 32

Lesser omentum

Question 33

Which of the following correctly describes a region of the stomach? A) cardia—main part of the stomach B) fundus—point in which the esophagus connects to the stomach C) pylorus—connects the stomach to the duodenum D) body— dome-shaped portion of the stomach

Answer 33

C) pylorus—connects the stomach to the duodenum

Question 34

Which of these cells secrete hormones? A) parietal cells B) mucous neck cells C) enteroendocrine cells D) chief cells

Answer 34

C) enteroendocrine cells

Question 35

Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?

Answer 35

fundus and body

Question 36

How does the mucosal barrier protect the stomach?

Answer 36

The mucus is filled with bicarbonate and both forms a physical barrier and buffers the acidity.

Question 37

Why is gastric emptying not accomplished in a single push, and instead in small (~3mL) increments?

Answer 37

Releasing a small amount of chyme makes the acid load manageable for the small intestines

Question 38

In what organ of the digestive tract are nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream?

Answer 38

Most nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine

Question 39

The smooth muscle of your intestines receives dual innervation. This means the parasympathetic system can increase contraction, and the sympathetic system can ________ the contraction of the structure.

Answer 39

decrease

Question 40

Which Layer of the alimentary canal comes into direct contact with the food passing through the lumen?

Answer 40

The mucosa faces the lumen and comes into contact with the food.

Question 41

Nutrients are transported from the small intestine to the liver by way of the ________.

Answer 41

hepatic portal vein

Question 42

What is the main function of the bacterial flora in our GI tract?

Answer 42

Bactieral flora from the GI tract can synthesize vitamin K as well as other vitamins.

Question 43

In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?

Answer 43

proximal small intestine

Question 44

You and your family have just finished off a dozen ears of delicious fresh corn you got at the farmers’ market. Over the next 12 to 14 hours, what path will those indigestible corn kernels take through your large intestine? A) ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → cecum → sigmoid colon → rectum B) cecum → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum C) cecum → descending colon → transverse colon → sigmoid colon → ascending colon → rectum D) descending colon → transverse colon → cecum → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum

Answer 44

B) cecum → ascending colon → transverse colon → descending colon → sigmoid colon → rectum Once they hit your large intestine, those corn kernels will travel from the cecum to the ascending colon to the transverse colon to the descending colon to the sigmoid colon, and then on to the rectum and out.

Question 45

Why does the small intestine have a hepatopancreatic sphincter, and the large intestine does not?

Answer 45

The small intestine must receive bile and pancreatic juice, and this needs to be regulated. The hepatopancreatic sphincter regulates the flow of these materials into the duodenum.

Question 46

Which of the following does not increase absorptive surface area in the small intestines? A) Villi B) Microvilli C) Circular Folds D) Intestinal MALT

Answer 46

D) Intestinal MALT MALT helps to keep bacteria from entering the body but does not aid in absorption.

Question 47

What are the major organs found in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 47

Liver, gallbladder

Question 48

What is not an organ of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)?

Answer 48

The pancreas will not have food pass through it but will still contribute to digestion as an accessory organ.

Question 49

Which of the following accessory organs contribute to digestion in the intestines? A) Liver B) Gallbladder C) Pancreas D) All of the organs listed contribute something to digestion in the intestines.

Answer 49

D) All of the organs listed contribute something to digestion in the intestines.

Question 50

Which statement best describes blood flow in the liver? A) Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery proper and from the intestine via the hepatic vein. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins back to the heart. B) Blood from the intestine flows into the liver through the hepatic vein. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic portal artery and flows to the heart. C) Blood comes from the intestine and enters the liver through the hepatic portal artery and also comes from the heart and enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein. D) Blood from the heart enters the liver through the portal artery. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic portal vein and flows to the intestine.

Answer 50

A) Blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery proper and from the intestine via the hepatic vein. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins back to the heart.

Question 51

Why does the liver receive blood from the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 51

The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and contents absorbed from the digestive tract as well as some oxygen from the hepatic portal vein.

Question 52

Hepatocytes produce bile. What purpose does bile serve in digestion?

Answer 52

Bile emulsifies lipids

Question 53

What is the primary role of the gallbladder?

Answer 53

Storing, concentrating, and releasing bile.

Question 54

What is sodium bicarbonate, and what happens when it is secreted from the pancreas into the duodenum?

Answer 54

Sodium bicarbonate is a buffer used to neutralize acidic chyme in the intestines.

Question 55

The ability of an enzyme’s active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________

Answer 55

specificity

Question 56

True or false: Monormer is the name for a building block for any large, biological molecule

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?

Answer 57

mouth

Question 58

Where does the digestion of proteins begin in the body?

Answer 58

The stomach with HCl and Pepsin

Question 59

Which lipase gets to benefit from fats being emulsified by bile?

Answer 59

Pancreatic Lipase Bile and pancreatic lipase are both present in the duodenum

Question 60

How does the absorption of water-soluble and lipid-soluble nutrients differ?

Answer 60

Water-soluble nutrients require a transporter to cross the cell membrane. Lipid-soluble nutrients do not require a transport and diffuse through the membrane

Question 61

During absorption of minerals, sodium tends to accumulate inside the cells of the GI tract, and potassium outside. How do these cells correct their sodium-potassium gradient?

Answer 61

A sodium potassium pump uses ATP to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium in.