Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Introduction To Animal Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Why is the digestive system needed?

A

To receive and move food, water and other materials

To process food in order to reduce size and structure

To absorb digested components via gut membranes to blood vessels

To synthesise molecules and nutrients for body tissues

To remove waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in the digestive system?

A

Acetyl choline

Norepinephrine

Neuropeptides
-glucagon
-gastrin
-somatostatin
-endorphims

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Appendix
Part of caecum colon
Colon/large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the mouth in the digestive system?

A

Taste to select or reject food
Salivate to neutralise and lubricate food
Prehensile and masticate food to form bolus
Prehension-moving food into the oral cavity
Chewing or grinding to:
-reduce particle size
-increases surface area for good mixing of buffers, saliva, and enzyme with food
-exposes food for microbial colonisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does prehension vary with species?

A

Humans use upper limbs to bring food to mouth

Horses use lips

Cows and sheep use long and rough tongue

Pigs use snot to root in ground and pointed lower lip

Birds use beak and tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is mastication?

A

Grinding to reduce particle size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does mastication vary in carnivores and herbivores?

A

Carnivores have well developed teeth. Large canine and incisors

Herbivores have strong molars to help with chewing and grinding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do teeth and jaws vary in carnivores and omnivores?

A

Carnivores use canine teeth for tearing and pointed molars for crushing bones

Omnivores use molars for grinding, incisors for piercing and ripping, and tongue to move food onto teeth between jaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do teeth and jaws vary between pseudo ruminants and ruminants?

A

Pseudo ruminants- incisors for biting and angled molars. Circular jaw movements to help grinding

Ruminants- no upper incisors but strong dental pad. Molars with tongue and jaw movements help to chew food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Monogastric?

A

Simple stomach. A single part.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is multi gastric?

A

Ruminants. Stomach has 4 parts:

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are front and hind gut fermenters and how do they vary?

A

Degrade and digest high fibre diets

Both use microbes

Ruminants use front gut fermenters
Fore gut more efficient per unit of food
Slow digestion
Size reduction

Most others use hind gut fermenters
More efficient overtime
Faster turnover but less effective
Coprophagy- food passes twice through digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are mid gut fermenters?

A

Short in carnivores
Long in herbivores

Enzyme variations:
-less sucrase, maltase and amylase in young vs adult
-no sucrase in ruminants
-no lactase in adult pigs
-some enzymes are age related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which animals use caecal fermenters?

A

Rodents
Rabbits
Small herbivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which animals use colonic fermenters?

A

True herbivores like horse, camel, giraffe
Omnivores like humans and pigs
Carnivores like cats, dogs, lions and snakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In a ruminant digestive system, what happens in the mouth?

A

Grinds and moistens food

Produces saliva from salivary glands

Buffering action. Neutralises acidity due to fatty acids in the rumen

Maintains rumen pH around 7

Has upper dental pad

Lower jar has incisors, premolars and molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of salivary glands in the ruminant digestive system?

A

Produce saliva
Moisten, neutralises and protects food
Protects oral cavity and beyond
Contains salts, HCO3, mucous and lysozymes
Buffering of volatile fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where are the salivary glands found in the ruminant digestive system and what are they called?

A

Oral Vestibule (cheek)
- Parotid
- Buccal

Oral cavity proper (under tongue apex)
- sublingual
- mandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do salivary glands contain?

A

Full of ducts, adipose cells and connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is oesophagul grove?

A

Muscular folds that control the passage of food from cardiac to the omasum

When closed the food directly enters the oesophagus to omasum
When open the ingested food enters the rumen and reticulum

Benefits the nursing animals to by pass fermentation of their ingested milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is rumination?

A

Chewing the cud while sitting or standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What feed components do microbes in the rumen digest?

A

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin
Soluble CHO e.g starch
Proteins
Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main microbes/bacteria that occupy the rumen and reticulum, and what do they do?

A

Streptococci
Lactobacilli
Fibrolytic
Cellulolytic
Proteolytic
Amylolytic
Lipolytic

Digests CHO and over 50% starch
Convert protein into amino acids, ammonia and VFA
Manufacture protein as MCP from non protein feeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the rumen?

Study These Flashcards
A

Breaks, moves and processes food

Fermentation vessel that utilises ingested food

Full of papillae that increases the surface area for microbial attachment and absorption of fermented products via the rumen wall

Removes gases by eructation

Small amounts of gas are absorbed into the blood stream and then removed by lungs

25
What are the functions of the reticulum?
Full of honeycomb like projections, where solid particles can be trapped Regurgitation starts here Helps in moving food backwards and forwards to facilitate disintegration and fermentation
26
What are the functions of the omasum?
Strong muscular with many piles Grinds and squeezes the food Less or no digestion Removes water from incoming food Outgoing food contains 60% less fluid than the original Absorption of volatile fatty acids
27
What are the functions of the abomasum?
The true stomach Gastric juices added- pepsin, HCl, mucous Low or no digestion of fat, cellulose and starch pH= 3 which dismantles protein molecules, dentures pathogens, dissolved minerals, and promoted gastric digestion
28
What are the pancreatic secretions?
Enzymes such as amylase, lipase, proteases, nucleases
29
What is bile?
Secreted via the bile duct
30
What are the factors affecting bile secretion?
Food HCl in the duodenum Salts in the duodenum
31
What is the function of the large intestine?
Hind gut fermentation Ammonia absorption Mineral absorption Water absorption
32
What is the stimulus, origin and function of the hormone gastrin?
Stimulus- food Origin- abomasum Function- HCl, pepsinogen, motility
33
What is the stimulus, origin and function of the hormone secretin?
Stimulus- acid Origin- duodenum Function- pancreatic secretions, slows stomach mobility, neutralises HCl
34
What is the stimulus, origin and function of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)?
Stimulus- fat and protein Origin- duodenum Function- bike and pancreatic secretions, controls appetite
35
What is the stimulus, origin and function of the hormone gastric inhibitory protein (GIP)?
Stimulus- fats and bile Origin- duodenum Function- inhibits stomach mobility and acid + enzymes
36
What are the functions of the mouth in the Monogastric Digestive system?
Gather, sort and process food Disintegration Physical rupture Size reduction Moistening Softening Enhanced surface area
37
What is the function of jaws and teeth in the Monogastric Digestive system?
Food cutting, crushing and grinding Has incisors to cut food into pieces, canines to split food particles apart, premolars + molars to grind food
38
What are the components of an incisor tooth?
Crown Root Enamel Dentin Pulp Cementum Periodontal ligament
39
What are the features of the Monogastric tongue?
Tough and muscular 8 muscles Extrinsic- attached to bones Changes positions- genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus Intrinsic- not attached to bones Change the shape- longitudinal, transverse, veticalis Taste buds and papillae Salivary glands Full of ducts, glands and blood vessels
40
What are the features of the Monogastric salivary glands?
S glands: Parotid- serous and watery, contains water, salts, ions and enzymes Submaxillary- mucous or mixed, contains mucin, enzymes and water Sublingual- mucous or mixed, contains mucin enzymes and water
41
What are the functions of saliva in the Monogastric Digestive system?
Moisturising Lubrication from mucous Protection from injuries Partial starch and lipid digestion
42
What is the function of the oesophagus in the Monogastric Digestive system?
Move semi processed food from oral cavity to stomach Peristalsis/muscle contractions
43
What are the 4 layers of the gut in the Monogastric digestion system?
Serosa Muscularis (outer) Muscularis (inner) Submucosa Mucosa
44
What are the components of the Monogastric stomach?
Mucous in the cardia section Parietal cells in the fundic section Chief cells in the fundic section Mucous in the pyloric section
45
What are gastric pits?
Many folds in the epithelium Glands release secretions info the pits Presence of chyme stimulate emptying of semi digested food
46
What are some gastric secretions in the Monogastric Digestive system?
Acid such as HCl Mucous Rennin- clots milk Lipase
47
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum- bile and pancreas fluid for active digestion Jejunum- site for nutrient absorption Ileum- active site for absorption of water, vitamins and minerals
48
How much does villi increase the surface area?
10 x
49
How much does micro villi increase the surface area?
20 x
50
What specialised cells do villi contain?
Absorptive cells Goblets cells- mucous Endocrine cells Paneth cells
51
What are the components of the small intestine in the Monogastric Digestive system?
Lumen Mucosa Villi Crypts Lacteal Enterocytes Brush border
52
What are the major secretions in the small intestine In the Monogastric Digestive system?
Intestinal mucous from goblet cells via brunners glands in duodenal wall Brush border enzymes Pancreatic juices via ducts Bile via bile ducts
53
What are the features of bile?
Green viscous liquid Contains salts- glycocholic and taurocholic acids Pigments- bilirubin, cholesterol, biliverdin Alkaline, it neutralises chyme Emulsifies fats 95% returns to liver
54
What are the features of the pancreas?
A mixed gland Opens via ducts in duodenum Digestive juices as exocrine which neutralise acidic chyme, contains enzymes and salts Has hormones such as glucagon and insulin
55
What are the features of the large intestine in the Monogastric Digestive system?
No enzyme secretions in mammals Digestion by microbes Has 3 parts: - caecum - colon- absorption of water, VFA and minerals - rectum
56
What is the hepatic portal system?
The liver receives blood from the small intestine via the hepatic portal (HPV) The venous blood contains absorbed nutrients The HPV delivers the nutrients first to the liver instead of general venous circulation
57
What are the features of a dog's digestive system?
Carnivore so limited post gastric fermentation Single stomach Strong teeth No amylase in saliva but antiseptic Rapid deglutition Two lobed pancreas
58
What are the major enzymes for proteins + lipids and what are their origins and end products?
Rennin digests casein Origin is gastric mucosa End product is curd Pepsin digests proteins Origin is gastric mucosa End product is polypeptide Trypsin and chymotrypsin digests polypeptides Origin is pancreas End product is peptides Carboxy-peptidase and amino-peptidase digests peptides Origin is small intestine End product is amino acids, glucose and fructose Lipase and colipase digests lipids Origin is pancreas End product is mono-glycerides and free fatty acids
59
What are the major enzymes for CHO and what are their origins and end products?
Amylase digests starch, glycogen and dextrin Origin is saliva and pancreas End product is maltose and glucose Maltase digests maltose Origin is small intestine End product is 2 glucose Lactase digests lactose Origin is small intestine End product is glucose and galactose Sucrase digests sucrose Origin is small intestine End product is glucose and fructose

Introduction To Animal Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions