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Human Physiology > Digestive System 1A > Flashcards

Digestive System 1A Flashcards

1
Q

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what are the 6 functions of the digestive system

A

1.) ingestion
2.) motility
3.) secretion
4.) digestion
5.) absorption
6.) elimination

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2
Q

what are the four layers of the GI tract from superficial to deep

A

adventitia (serosa)
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

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3
Q

what is the mucosa of the GI tract and what are its layers

A

innermost lining of GI tract
layers deep to superficial: epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

what is the epithelial layer of the mucosa and what’s its function

A

innermost layer directly in contact with lumen contents
made of simple columnar cells that secrete and absorb

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5
Q

what is the lamina propria of the mucosa and what’s its function

A

middle layer of the mucosa
made of areolar tissue
contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
absorbs substances from the epithelium through it vessels

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6
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa and what’s its function

A

outer layer of the mucosa
contracts to help the release of secretions and increase contact of matierals with mucosa
both allow more efficient absorption

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7
Q

what is the submucosal layer of the GI tract

A

layer above the mucosa
has lots of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
innervated by the submucosal nerve plexus
houses mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) and peyer patches

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8
Q

what is the submucosal nerve plexus of the submucosal layer and what is its function

A

bundles of nerves and ganglia
innervates smooth muscle and glands of the mucosa and submucosa

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9
Q

what is mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) of the submucosal layer and what is its function

A

clusters of lymphocytes
prevents ingested microbes from crossing GI tract and causing food born illnesses in the body

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10
Q

what are peyer patches of the submucosal layer and what are their function

A

larger aggregates of lymphatic nodules
found in the distal small intestine
have immune cells which protect against pathogens

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11
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the GI tract and what’s its function

A

layer above the submucosal layer
made of inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer, and myenteric nerve plexus
function is motility - mixing and propulsion

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12
Q

what is the inner circular layer of the muscularis and what’s its function

A

made of smooth muscle cells oriented circumferentially contracts to constrict lumen
thickened in certain areas to form sphincters
sphincters control movement of materials and prevents backflow

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13
Q

what is the outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis and what’s its function

A

smooth muscle cells oriented vertically
contracts to shorten tube

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14
Q

what is the myenteric nerve plexus of the muscularis and what does it do

A

clumps of nerves with their autonomic ganglia
found between the outer and inner muscular layers
control the contraction of the muscularis

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15
Q

what are some features of the myenteric nerve plexus of the muscularis

A

axons with their ganglia
found between the outer and inner muscular layers control the contraction

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16
Q

define mixing

A

backwards and forwards motion of GI tract to blend ingested material with secretions

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17
Q

define propulsion

A

directional movements of materials through GI tract
peristalsis

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18
Q

what is the adventitia or serosa of the GI tract

A

outermost layer that is either adventitia or serosa depending where we are in the organ

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19
Q

what is the adventitia of GI tract

A

outermost layer of GI tract
considered adventitia when we are outside the peritoneal cavity

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20
Q

what is the serosa of the GI tract

A

outermost layer of the GI tract
adventitia + outer covering of serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)
only found on organs within the peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

which area of the GI tract absorbs the most water

A

small intestine

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22
Q

what is the enteric nervous system (ENS) and how does it regulate the digestive system

A

sensory and motor neurons in the submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
innervates smooth muscle and glands of GI tract (submucosal plexus)
coordinates mixing and propulsion reflexes (myenteric plexus)

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23
Q

how does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulate the digestive system

A

parasympathetic: stimulates GI motility, release of secretions, and relaxes GI sphincters
sympathetic: inhibit GI motility, release of secretions, constricts GI sphincters, and vasoconstricts GI tract blood vessels

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24
Q

how does the facial nerve regulate the digestive system

A

parasympathetic nerve
stimulate salivary secretions from sublingual and submandibular glands

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25
how does the glossopharyngeal nerve regulate the digestive system
parasympathetic gland **stimulate salivary secretions from the parotid gland**
26
how does the vagus nerve regulate the digestive system
parasympathetic nerve **stimulates the digestive activities of most of the digestive system organs**
27
what type of reflex is the enteric nervous system (ENS) and what does it coordinate
short, local reflex **coordinates small segments of GI tract**
28
what type of reflex is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and what does it coordinate
long reflex sensory input goes to central nervous system output goes through autonomic nervous system **coordinates GI motility, secretions, and accessory digestive organs**
29
where are circulating hormones released
into the blood
30
where are local hormones released
from adjacent cells
31
what type of hormone is gastrin and what is its function
circulating hormone **stimulates stomach motility and release of gastric secretions from parietal and chief cells**
32
what is the function of somatostatin
regulates the function of nearby enteroendocrine and exocrine cells **inhibits release of acidic secretions in response to increased acid**
33
what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what is its function in the stomach
circulating hormone **inhibits motility and gastric secretions**
34
what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do in the gallbladder
circulating hormone **stimulates release of bile**
35
what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do in the pancreas
circulating hormone **stimulates release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice**
36
what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do to the hepatopancreatic sphincter
circulating hormone **causes relaxation of the sphincter**
37
what type of hormone is cholecystokinin and what does it do to the iliocecal valve
circulating hormone **causes relaxation of the iliocecal valve**
38
what type of hormone is secretin and what does it do in the stomach
circulating hormone **inhibits stomach motility and gastric secretions**
39
what type of hormone is secretin and what does it do in the liver and pancreas
circulating hormone **stimulates secretion of bicarbonate**
40
what does glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide do in the pancreas
regulates release of insulin from beta cells
41
what does motilin do in the small intestine
regulates migrating motility complex to move contents from small to large intestine
42
what does hepcidin do in the small intestine
inhibits absorption of iron
43
what is the peritoneum and what are its two layers
serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity parietal and visceral layer
44
what is the mesentery and what is its function
double layer of visceral peritoneum blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves between the layers **supports, suspends, and stabilizes intraperitoneal GI tract organs**
45
what is the greater omentum
fat apron extends inferiorly from greater curvature of the stomach and covers most abdominal organs
46
what is the lesser omentum
fat apron connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the proximal end of duodenum to the liver
47
what is that falciform ligament and what is its function
flat, thin crescent shaped fold that **attaches the liver to internal surface of anterior abdominal wall**
48
what is the mesentery proper layer of the mesentery and what is its function
fan-shaped fold of peritoneum **suspends most of small intestine from posterior abdominal wall**
49
what is the mesocolon layer of the mesentery and is its function
fold of periotneum **attaches part of the large intestine to posterior abdominal wall**
50
what is peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum **GI contents get into the peritoneum and cause inflammation** usually caused by GI tract perforation
51
where does the upper GI tract start and end
oral cavity and duodenum
52
where does most of the nutrient absorption occur
small intestine
53
what is the oral cavity proper
area from back of teeth to oropharynx
54
what are the transverse palatine folds and what is their function
ridges at the top of the mouth **assist tongue in manipulating materials**
55
what does the uvula do
elevates soft palate during swallowing to close off posterior entrance into nasopharynx
56
what is the fauces
area between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch
57
what type of tissue is the oral cavity made of and what is its function
stratified squamous epithelium protects against abrasions
58
what are intrinsic salivary glands and what do they do
unicellular glands that are within the oral cavity **continually release secretions containing lipase**
59
what are extrinsic salivary glands and what do they do
glands that are outside of oral cavity **produce the majority of saliva** parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
60
infection of what gland causes mumps (myxovirus)
parotid
61
what are the 5 functions of saliva
1.) moistens food to make a bolus 2.) has salivary amylase which initiates breakdown of starch 3.) stimulates taste receptors 4.) cleanses oral cavity structures 5.) has antibacterial substances that inhibit bacterial growth
62
would parasympathetic stimulation increase or decrease output to salivary glands
increase
63
would sympathetic stimulation increase or decrease output to salivary glands
decrease
64
what type of joint is a tooth
gomphosis joint
65
what is the cementum of a tooth
material surrounding root on the outside of the dentin
66
what are dental caries
damage to dentin, enamel, or cementum due to bateria **essentially cavities**
67
what do the incisors do
slice food
68
what do canines do
puncture and tear food
69
what do premolars and molars do
crush and grind food
70
what is the esophageal hiatus
opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes through
71
what is deglutition
swallowing
72
explain the voluntary phase of swallowing
1st phase - voluntary food is ingested **it is mixed with secretions to form a bolus which moves towards oropharynx**
73
explain the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
2nd phase - involuntary tactile sensory receptors in fauces are stimulated to send sensory input to the swallowing center in medulla **bolus moves into oropharynx and measures are taken to ensure nothing goes into trachea**
74
explain the esophageal phase of swallowing
3rd phase - involuntary bolus goes into esophagus and stimulates peristalsis **bolus moves goes into stomach once sphincters relax**
75
explain reflux esophagitis
inflammation of esophagus from acid reflux heartburn caused by: obesity, hiatal hernias, smokers, etc. **not GERD**
76
explain gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
chronic reflux esophagitis **erosion of esophageal tissue due to acid reflux can change stratified squamous to columnar secretory cells (Barrett's esophagus) which may lead to cancer** treated with things like antacids and things to limit secretion into the stomach
77
define peristalsis
sequential contraction of the muscularis layers moves like a wave
78
which organs are not found within the peritoneal cavity
kidneys, pancreas, ascending + descending colon, and rectum
79
what does lingual lipase do
begins digestion of triglycerides
80
what are parotid glands and what do they do
largest gland, located near the ear **produce 25-30% of saliva through parotid duct and into the oral cavity (second molar)**
81
what are submandibular glands and what do they do
found beneath the angle of the jaw **produce 60-70% of saliva that is transported to the underside of the tongue through the submandibular duct**
82
what are the sublingual glands and what do they do
glands beanth the tongue **produce 3-5% of saliva that is dumped under the tongue**
83
what are the two types of secretory cells in the salivary glands and what do they do
mucous cells: secrete mucin serous cells: secrete watery fluid containing electrolytes and amylase
84
what does salivary amylase do
initiates the breakdown starch
85
what are the three types of antibacterial substances found in saliva
mucin lysozyme IgA antibodies
86
what regulates salivary secretions
the salivary nuclei within the brainstem
87
what is the function of the superior esophageal sphincter
closes during inhalation **so air does not enter the esophagus**

Human Physiology (19 decks)

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