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Entrance Biology > Digestive System (2) > Flashcards

Digestive System (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is food converted into chyme?

A
  • chyme is a type of juice
  • food it converted into creamy chyme in stomach
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2
Q

What is the stomach?

A
  • temporary storage tank where chemical breakdown of proteins begin and food is converted into chyme
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3
Q

Where is stomach located?

A
  • upperleft quadrant of the peritoneal cavity, almost hidden by liver and diaphragm
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4
Q

Types of gland cells in the stomach

A
  • mucous neck cells
  • Parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
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5
Q

Mucous neck cells

A
  • scattered in “neck” and more basal regions of glands
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6
Q

What do parietal gland cells secrete?

A
  • HCl (hydrochloric acid)
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7
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid in stomach

A
  • makes stomach contents extremely acidic (pH 1.5 - 3.5)
  • necessary for activation and optimal activity of protein-digesting enzyme pepsin
  • acidity helps digest food by denaturing proteins and breaking down cell walls
  • kills bacteria ingested with food
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8
Q

Protein digesting enzyme in stomach

A
  • pepsin
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9
Q

Where are chief cells found in glands?

A
  • basal regions of gastric glands
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10
Q

Function of chief cells in glands

A
  • produce pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)
  • produce lipases (fat-digesting enzymes)
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11
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin?

A
  • pepsinogen
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12
Q

What are fat digesting enzymes called?

A
  • lipases
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13
Q

Where are enteroendocrine cells found in glands?

A
  • deep in the gastric glands
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14
Q

Function of enteroendocrine glands

A
  • release a variety of chemical messengers directly into the interstitial fluid of the lamina propria
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15
Q

Examples of chemical messengers released by enteroendocrine glands

A
  • local paracrines like histamine and serotonin
  • somatostatin which acts as paracrine locally and hormones that diffuse into the blood capillaries to influence several digestive system target organs
  • gastrin, a hormone which regulates stomach secretion and motility
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16
Q

What are paracrines?

A
  • endocrine hormones that impact nearby cells and tissues
  • not released into the bloodstream
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17
Q

Histamine hormone

A
  • produced in basophils
  • inflammatory responses
  • increases permeability of capillaries to WBCs
  • in stomach, aid production of gastric acid (enteroendocrine glands)
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18
Q

Serotonin hormone

A
  • 90% found in GI tract, 10% in brain
  • paracrine
  • inhibits gastric acid production
  • causes contraction of stomach muscles
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19
Q

Somatostatin hormone

A
  • works to inhibit release of other hormones
  • function in GI tract - reduces gastric secretion
  • function in pancreas - inhibits release of pancreatic hormones; insulin, glucagon, gastrin
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20
Q

Where does protein digestion begin in digestive system?

A
  • stomach
  • is the main type of enzymatic breakdown there
  • protein digesting enzyme is pepsin
  • HCl denatures the proteins in preparation
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21
Q

Hormones are produced by which cells in stomach?

A
  • enteroendocrine cells
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22
Q

Which nerves stimulate stomach secretion?

A
  • vagus nerves
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23
Q

Where does majority of digestive activity happen?

A
  • small intestine
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24
Q

Which organs’ secretion help small intestine digestive activity?

A
  • liver (bile) and pancreas (digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice)
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25
longest part of alimentary canal
- small intestine
26
3 subdivisions of small intestine
- duodenum - jejunum - ileum
27
Duodenum
- shortest subdivision of small intestine - about 10 inches long - curves around head of pancreas - bile duct and pancreatic duct unite with small intestine here
28
Jejunum
- subdivision of small intestine - 2.5 m (8 ft) long - extends from duodenum to ileum
29
Ileum
- subdivision of small intestine - 12 ft (3.6 m) in length
30
Nerve fibres serving the small intestine
- parasympathetics from vagus - sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves
31
Amount of daily intestinal juice
- produced by glands in small intestine - 1 to 2L daily
32
Stimulus for intestinal juice
- hypertonic or acidic chyme -> causes distension or irritation of the intestinal mucosa
33
pH of intestinal juice
- 7.4 to 7.8; slightly alkaline - isotonic with blood plasma
34
What does the intestinal juice consist of?
- largely water with some mucus - mucus is secreted by duodenal glands and goblet cells of mucosa - enzyme-poor (enzymes are limited to bound enzymes of brush border)
35
What are brush border enzymes?
- enzymes embedded in microvilli of apical plasma membrane
36
Role of liver in digestive system
- produce bile for export to the duodenum
37
What is bile?
- fat emulsifier that breaks down fats into tiny particles to make them more digestible - yellow-gren alkaline solution
38
Largest gland in the body
- the liver
39
How many primary lobes does liver have?
- 4 primary lobes
40
4 primary lobes of the liver
- largest right lobe - smaller left lobe - posteriormost caudate lobe - qyadrate lobe inferior to left lobe
41
Where is the gall bladder?
- inferior surface of the right liver lobe
42
Which duct supply bile to the duodenum?
- common hepatic duct leave the liver and fuses with cystic duct draining the gall bladder to form "bile duct"
43
Liver cells
- hepatocytes
44
Hepatic artery
- supply oxygen rich blood to liver
45
Function of hepatocytes
- process blood-borne nutrients in various ways (store glucose as glycogen; use amino acids to make plasma proteins) - store fat soluble vitamins - detoxification (ridding the blood of ammonia and converting to urea)
46
Composition of bile
- bile salts, bile pigments - cholesterol -triglycerides -phospholipids - electrolytes
47
Actual stuff in bile that aid digestion
- bile salts and phospholipid
48
Function of bile salts
- separate large fat globules entering smol intestine into millions of smaller fat droplets for large surface area for enzymes - facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
49
Enterohepatic circulation for bile ducts
bile salts are - reabsorbed into blood by ileum - returned to liver via hepatic portal blood - resecreted in newly formed bile
50
Chief bile pigment
- bilirubin (waste product of heme of hemoglobin formed during breakdown of worn out erythrocytes) - globin and iron parts are saved and recycled - bilirubin is absorbed from blood by liver cells, excreted into bile, metabolized in small intestine by bacteria
51
What gives feces a brown colour?
- stercobilin: breakdown product of bilirubin - in the absesnce of bile, feces is grey-white
52
What is the gall bladder?
- thin walled muscular sac about 10 cm long - inferior surface of liver - stores bile that is not immediately needed and concentrates it by absorbing water and ions from it
53
Pancreas in the digestive system
- produces enzymes that break down all categories of food stuff
54
exocrine product of pancreas
- pancreatic juice - drains from pancreas into duodenum via main pancreatic duct - fuses with bile duct as it enters duodenum
55
Where does bile duct enter duodenum?
- at hepatopancreatic ampulla
56
mini endocrine glands in pancreas
- pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) - release insulin and glucagon; for carbohydrate metabolism
57
composition of pancreatic juice
- mainly water wiht enzymes and electrolytes (bicarbonate ions)
58
Acinar cells
- produce enzyme rich component of pancreatic juice
59
high pH of pancreatic juice
- helps neutralize acid chyme entering duodenum and provides optimal environment for intestinal and pancreatic enzymes
60
protein-digesting enzymes in pancreas
- proteases - release in inactive forms in pancreas - activated in the duodenum
61
pancreatic enzymes secreted in active form
- amyase, lipase, nucleases
62
Absorption in small intestine
- accomplished by absorptive cells with their rich crop of apical microvilli
63
What do amylase, lipase and nuclease require for optimal activity?
- for ions or bile to be there in the small intestine
64
Accessory pancreatic duct opens at the
minor duodenal papilla
65
How many premolars in adult?
8
66
Common bile duct joins the
duodenum

Entrance Biology (23 decks)

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