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Histology > Digestive System 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the length of the digestive tract?

A

It extends from the mouth to the anus.

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2
Q

What does the wall of the digestive tract consist of?

A
  • outer serosa (or an adventitia)
  • muscularis externa
  • submucosa
  • inner mucosa
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3
Q

What does the “mucosa” layer constist of?

A
  • inner epithelium
  • middle lamina propria
  • outer muscularis mucosae
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4
Q

Where is the muscularis mucosae absent?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • portions of the esophagus
  • rumen
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5
Q

What does the mouth lack? (which parts of the wall?)

A
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
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6
Q

What does the digestive tract consist of?

A

only TUBULAR organs!

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7
Q

What is the outermost layer of all tubular organs?

A

2 options:
- tunica serosa
- tunica adventitia

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8
Q

Is it possible to find both tunica serosa and tunica adventitia in one place in tubular organs?

A

NO!

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9
Q

Is it possible to find both tunica serosa and tunica adventitia in the same tubular organ?

A

yes, just at different locations!

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10
Q

What is the difference between tunica serosa and tunica adventitia from a histological perspective?

A

Tunica serosa = simple squamous epithelium
(squamous are very flat cells)

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11
Q

What is a special feature of tunica serosa cells?

A

all of the cells secrete SEROUS SECRETE!

simple squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What is serous secrete? What is its function?

A
  • watery substance
  • small fraction of proteins and other molecules
  • necessary for the lubrication of outer surfaces
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13
Q

What lubricates internal organs?

A

tunica serosa cells

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14
Q

Where is tunica serosa found?

A

ONLY IN CAVITIES!
- pelvic
- abdominal
- thoracic

ser tylko w brzuchu = cavities

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15
Q

What is constant in all organs in a cavity?

A
  • lubrication!
  • covered by tunica serosa!
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16
Q

Explain the structure of tunica adventitia. What is its function?

A
  • based on loose connective tissue
  • attaches organ with the adjacent structure
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17
Q

Explain the surrounding layer of the esophagus.

A

Esophagus is located in the neck = not a cavity!
- highly attached to adjacent structures (muscles)
- surrounded by tunica adventitia

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18
Q

Explain the structure of the external layer of tissue of the digestive tract.

A

tunica serosa- simple squamous epithelium
tunica adventitia- loose connective tissue

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19
Q

State the functions of the external layer of the digestive tract.

A

Tunica adventitia:
- attaches organ to adjacent structures

Tunica serosa:
- prevents attachment
- provides lubrication + sliding movements

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20
Q

What layer comes after tunica serosa/adventitia?

A

Tunica muscularis (Muscular layer)

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21
Q

What is tunica muscularis based on?

A

smooth muscle cells

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22
Q

What is tunica muscularis based on?

A

2 layers!

1) Circular muscle layer
2) Longitudinal muscle layer

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23
Q

Which muscle layer is typically located on the inner side? Which on the outer side?

A

Inner- circular muscle layer
Outer- longitudinal muscle layer

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24
Q

Why are the two muscle layers necessary in the digestive tract?

A

Circular and longitudinal contractions provide the digestive tract with “PERISTALTIC MOVEMENTS”.
- allow food to move through the digestive tract

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25
Q

Why are the two muscle layers necessary in the uterus?

A

Contractions allow to push out baby during the birth process.

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26
Q

Which muscle layer is most important in blood vessels? Why?

A
  • CIRCULAR muscle layer!
  • regulates blood pressure (narrows and widens lumen)
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27
Q

What structures are the same in all tubular structures?

A

Tunica muscularis!
- circular muscle layer
- longitudinal muscle layer

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28
Q

What is a structure that is an exception to other tubular organs when it comes to tunica muscularis? Why? What are the layers? What order?

A

STOMACH:
- additional layer- OBLIQUE pathway
- located most inner
- muscle order (From center): oblique, circular and longitudinal layer

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29
Q

Why is the stomach an exception of the type of muscles in tunica muscularis?

A
  • additional oblique muscle layer
  • helps mix food within the stomach
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30
Q

What layer is located beneath the muscle layer (tunica muscularis)?

A

Tunica SUBMUCOSA

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31
Q

What type of tissue is tunica submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue

ifyou get subbed out then youre loosing!

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32
Q

What is the function of tunica submucosa?

A

loose connective tissue:
- mediator between tunica mucosa and tunica muscularis

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33
Q

What is the final (most inner) layer of the digestive tract? What is it composed of?

A

tunica MUCOSA

3 layers:
- epithelium (inner)
- lamina propria (middle)
- muscularis mucosa (outer)

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34
Q

What is the most important layer of the digestive tract wall?

A

tunica mucosa

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35
Q

What is the most important layer of tunica mucosa? Why?

A
  • epithelial layer
  • very related with the function of organs
  • helps distingush between particular organs (epithelium differences allow to distinguish between types of organs)
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36
Q

What is the structure of lamina propria?

A

loose or dense connective tissue

lame vs proper = loose vs dense

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37
Q

Explain the structure of Muscularis Mucosae. Where is it located?

A

Muscularis Mucosae = outer layer of mucosa
- very thin layer
- few smooth muscle cell layers

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38
Q

What structure is different depending on the type of organ in which it is located? State examples.

A

INNER SURFACE OF MUCOSA (EPITHELIAL LAYER OF MUCOSA)
- general histological structure of mucosa may be the same, yet there are underlying architectual differences (infoldings, projections, etc.)

eg.
- intestine: projections (villi) for absorpion
- stomach: invaginations

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39
Q

What other components can be spotted in the digestive system? State an example. Provide a reason.

A

immune system components
- things which help fight infections (aggregations of immune system cells)

eg. LYMPHOID NODULE
kills pathogens and bacteria which enter the organism through the digestive tract.

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40
Q

How can we distinguish that the digestive system is the primary immune system organ?

A

Through the large number of immune system cells.

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41
Q

What type of tissue is the epithelium of the mucosa made out of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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42
Q

What occurs to the stratified squamous epithelium in some places? What places?

A

keratinization
- dental pad
- surface of tongue
- hard palate
- cheek
- non glandular stomach of ruminants, horses and pigs

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43
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium located?

A

mucosa in the:
- glandular stomach
- small intestine
- most of the large intestine

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44
Q

What is the structure of the epithelium of mucosa in the glandular stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine?

A

simple columnar

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45
Q

What type of tissue does the anal canal consist of?

A

stratified squamous

same like inner epithelium of digestive tract

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46
Q

What is the mucosa moistened by (from the mouth through the esophagus)? What are their types? What is the major type of gland?

A

SECRETIONS
- mucous
- serous

of various glands (especially salivary glands).

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47
Q

What other structures aid in the production of lubricating secretions? What cells?

A

STOMACH:
- surface mucous cells
- mucous neck cells

SMALL and LARGE INTESTINE:
- goblet cells

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48
Q

What is the beggining and ending part of the digestive tract lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

49
Q

What epithelium are the parts of most digestive actions lined by?

A

simple columnar epithelium

50
Q

Why is the anus lined by stratified squamous epithelium?

A
  • it has small contact with the external environemnt
  • thick= protected from outer environmental factors: pathogens, chemical substances etc.
51
Q

Why is the beginning of the digestive tract lined by stratified squamous epithelium? Which parts?

A
  • all parts from mouth until the glandular stomach
  • thick= protected from outer environmental factors: food! (hot, rough materials, very large amounts)
52
Q

When does the change in epithelium occur? Why?

A

only in the glandular stomach (stratified squamous –> simple columnar)
- stomach: protection is not as much necessary because:
1) large: food fits (unlike in esophagus)
2) acidic environment
3) enzymes

53
Q

Why are the small and large intestines not necessary protected?

A
  • recieves ‘safe’ digested food
  • equilized in temperature
54
Q

What is an advantage of being lined with simple columnar epithelium for the intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium is much thinner than stratified squamous epithelium –> absorption of molecules is effective

55
Q

What is the oropharynx lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

56
Q

What does the oropharynx contain? What is an exception? Why?

A

MUCOUS glands
- except carnivores: MIXED glands

(stratified squamous epithelium)

57
Q

What is the muscularis externa of skeletal mucle in the oropharynx surrounded by?

A

ADVENTITIA

  • not in the cavity
  • connects organ with surrounding muscle structures
58
Q

What organ follows the mouth in the digestive tract?

A

oropharynx

59
Q

Until what structure is the epithelium in the digestive tract stratified squamous?

A

the glandular stomach

60
Q

What is the esophagus externally surrounded by in most of its length?

A

tunica ADVENTITIA

61
Q

What part of the esophagus is special? Why?

A

Muscularis externa varies in composition:
- DOG: composed of skeletal muscle throughout its length (except of stomach in which skeletal muscle –> smooth muscle)
- RUMINANTS: entire muscle is skeletal muscle
- HORSE and CAT: skeletal –> smooth muscle in the caudal third of the esophagus
- PIG: skeletal –> smooth muscle (cranial to the diaphragm)

62
Q

Why is a part of the esophagus not lined by adventitia? What is it lined by?

A
  • serosa
  • located in a cavity (before opening to stomach)
63
Q

What is exceptional in the esophagus?

A
  • muscular layer is not based on smooth muscle tissue!
  • based on skeletal muscle!
  • (mixture between skeletal and smooth muscle tissue)
64
Q

What about the esophagus can inform one about the species of an organism?

A
  • the proportion of skeletal muscle
  • the position of glands
65
Q

What is the mucosa of the esophagus lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

66
Q

What types of glands occur in the esophagus?

A

mucous and mixed glands

67
Q

What about glands allows to distinguish between species?

A
  • position
68
Q

Explain the position of glands throughout the esophagus in different species.

A

CAT, HORSE, RUMINANT: glands at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus
PIG: glands occur anteriorly, no glands in the midregion, sparse glands in the caudal region
DOG: glands in the entire length of the esophagus + extend into the stomach (Short distance)

69
Q

What is the major gland found in the esophagus?

A

Mucous glands (but mixed glands are also present)

70
Q

Explain the differences in the stomach between different species.

A

HORSE, RUMINANT, PIG:
- forestomach: nonglandular
- stomach: glandular

RUMINANTS:
- forestomach: rumen, reticulum and omasum
- abomasum: glandular stomach

CAT, DOG:
- forestomach: absent
- stomach: glandular

71
Q

What does the glandular stomach consist of in all species?

A
  • cardiac gland region
  • fundic gland region
  • pyloric gland region
72
Q

State a main feature of the cardiac gland region.

A

Small in all species but the pig.

73
Q

What is the stomach lined by? Does it produce anything?

A

mucous producing SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

74
Q

What are all fore-stomachs lined by?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

75
Q

What is the “real stomach”?

A
  • glandular stomach
  • digestion process is based on enzymes
76
Q

Explain the structure of the forestomach. What is its purpose?

A
  • no glands
  • entire digestive process is based on microorganisms
77
Q

Explain the distribution of gastric glands in the stomach.

A

cardiac zone (nearest to esophagus)- cardiac glands

pyloric zone (final part)- pyloric glands

fundic part (body)- corpus-fundic glands

78
Q

What glands are mucous glands?

A

cardiac and pyloric glands

79
Q

What is special about the fundic part of the stomach?

A

gastric pits are present

80
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Tubular structures formed where the epithelium of the glandular stomach invaginates into the lamina propria.

81
Q

What empties into gastric pits?

A

tubular glands

82
Q

What are glands constructed mostly of in the fundic gland region? What is their function?

A
  • parietal cells (secrete HCl)
  • chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)
83
Q

What type of glands are present in the pyloric gland region?

A

mucous type with interspersed parietal cells

84
Q

What type of glands are present in the cardiac gland region?

A

mucous glands with occasional parietal cells

85
Q

In easy words what is a gastric pit?

A

invagination of the stomachs internal surface

86
Q

What is important to note about gastric pits?

A

The gastric pit is not the gland itself!

  • glands open into gastric pits
87
Q

Are mucous cells part of gastric pits?

A

not always, which is why they are called “surface mucous cells”.

88
Q

What is the name of the mucous producing cell of the gastric pit?

A

mucous neck cell

89
Q

What is in between of the mucous neck cells? What are their functions?

A

stem cells
- in charge of renewing superficial epithelium and other cells within the gastric pits

90
Q

What do parietal cells secrete? What is their structure?

A
  • large triangular shape
  • secrete HCl and an interinsic factor
  • may have 2 nuclei
91
Q

What do chief cells secrete? What is it a precursor of? What is their struture?

A
  • secrete pepsinogen (primary precursor of pepsin)
91
Q

How is pepsin created?

A

pepsinogen + HCl

92
Q

What is the difference between pepsin and pepsinogen?

A

pepsinogen= inactive form of pepsin (cannot function in digestion)

93
Q

What is a G-cell? What does it produce? Function?

A

produces and secretes gastrin (hormone),

  • maturation of entire fundal growth
  • stimulation of gastrin –> formation of more gastric pits –> more effective digestive process
  • cause chief cells to produce more pepsinogen
  • impacts the mobility and contractions of muscles within the digestive tract (impacts peristaltic movements and stomach contractions)
94
Q

What allows the stomach to be part of the endocrine system?

A

the presence and secretion of the hormone GASTRIN by G-cells.

95
Q

What cells can be found within a gastric pit?

A
  • surface mucous cells
  • mucous neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • G-cells
  • stem cells
96
Q

What lies beneath gastric glands in the stomach?

A

STARTUM COMPACTUM:
- layer of dense connective tissue

97
Q

What is stratum compactum?

A
  • layer of dense connective tissue
  • beneath gastric glands
  • CARNIVORES
98
Q

What is special about the stomach of a horse? What is its name? What is it lined by?

A

Large non-glandular region between the esophagus and glandular stomach.
- demarced from the glandular stomach by the MARGO PLICATUS junction
- lined by heavily keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

99
Q

What is special about the stomach of a dog?

A

STRATUM COMPACTUM (layer of dense connective tissue beneath gastric glands)

100
Q

What is special about the stomach of a pig?

A

small non-glandular region

pigseat a lot, so they need a large glandular stomach

101
Q

What is not typically found in the digestive system? Where is it found as an exception?

A

dense connective tissue
- found in the stratum compactum in carnivores

102
Q

State the main features of the stomach (simple).

A
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium
  • inner surface has gastric pits
  • simple tubular glands in gastric pits (secreting acids and enzymes)
  • muscle layer beneath glands (3 layers: oblique, circular and longitudinal)
  • serosa (final layer)
103
Q

What can be found in gastric pits?

A

simple tubular glands

104
Q

What is the name of the fore stomach of ruminants?

A

Rumen

105
Q

What is the rumen lined by? Into what structures does it continue?

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • continues into the reticulum and omasum
106
Q

What are pillars of the rumen?

A

Large forlds of the tunica mucosa which contain smooth muscle from the tunica muscularis.

107
Q

What is the name of the large forlds of the tunica mucosa which contain smooth muscle from the tunica muscularis.

A

pillars

108
Q

Explain the surface of pillars.

A

smooth

109
Q

What is the name of conical projections of the mucosa?

A

papillae

110
Q

What do the papillae cover?

A
  • the rest of the inner surface of the rumen
111
Q

What is the core of a ruminal papilla made of? What does it lack?

A
  • contains connective tissue
  • lacks a lamina muscularis
112
Q

Explain the structure of the reticulum. Distinctive features?

A
  • mucosal folds form honeycomb like chambers
  • reticular crests
  • reticular papillae (crests and floor of chambers)

distinctive features:
- larger
- lamina muscularis in mucosa
- lamina muscularis is isolated (doesnt continue, no juctions

113
Q

What can be found on the crests and the floor of the chambers of the reticulum?

A

Reticular papillae

114
Q

How is the lamina muscularis organized within the crests? (reticulum)

A

isolated patches of smooth muscle (tips of folds)

115
Q

Expain the structure of the omasum.

A

Tunica mucosa of the omasum forms long omasal laminae which extends into the lumen

116
Q

What extends into the core of the laminae to what?

A

lamina muscularis and tunica muscularis extend into the core of the laminae to form 3 laters of smooth muscle.
- not isolated! all muscles are connected!

117
Q

Where are the papillae present in the omasum?

A
  • on the surface of the laminae
  • between laminae
118
Q

How to distinguish between omasum and reticulum?

A

check if the muscles are isolated or connected.
omasum= connected
reticulum= isolated

Histology (11 decks)

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