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Biology 12 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Define and give examples of Mechanical Digestion

A

Physically breaking foods into smaller pieces.

Chewing food in the mouth, stomach churning/mixing foods

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2
Q

Define and give examples of Chemical Digestion

A

Digestive enzymes break down macromolecules into smaller organic molecules that can be absorbed.

Hydrolysis through salivary amylase (starch => maltose), hydrolysis through pepsin (proteins => peptides)

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3
Q

Anterior of the mouth

A

Roof-front, hard palate, contains several bones.

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4
Q

Posterior of the mouth

A

Roof-back, soft palate, composed of muscle tissue, contains uvula (finger-shaped projection).

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5
Q

What happens during hunger

A

Olfactory (scent) receptors in the nose and taste buds in the mouth send nerve impulses to brain.

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6
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands and locations

A

Parotid (below ears)
Sublingual (below tongue)
Submandibular (beneath floor of oral cavity)

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7
Q

Name the 4 different types of teeth and their functions

A

Incisors (8) - biting
Canines (4) - tearing
Premolars (8) - grinding
Molars (12) - crushing

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8
Q

Describe the Crown

A

Layer of:
Enamel (hard outer calcium covering)
Dentin (thick brownish bone-like material layer)
Pulp (nerves and blood vessels)

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9
Q

Cavities (dental caries)

A

Bacteria metabolize sugar, give off acids that erode teeth

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10
Q

Gingivitis

A

Spreads to periodontal membrane (lining of tooth socket), can cause bone loss and loosening of teeth

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11
Q

Contents of saliva (hint: 3)

A

Water - adds to slipperiness of bolus and is used for hydrolysis
Mucus - lubricant, bolus can slide down easier
Salivary amylase - catalyst for hydrolysis

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12
Q

Bolus

A

Saliva mixed with food

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13
Q

Pharynx

A

Where swallowing takes place (reflex action), between mouth and esophagus

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14
Q

What happens during swallowing to block air passages?

A
  1. Soft palate moves back to close nasopharynx
  2. Trachea moves up under epiglottis
  3. Glottis (opening to larynx/voice box)is covered once trachea moves up (Adam’s Apple moves), covered by epiglottis
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15
Q

Esophagus

A

Large muscular tube, pharynx to the stomach (through diaphragm & thoracic cavity)
Inner surface lined with mucus membranes, attached by connective tissue to layer of smooth muscle containing circular/longitudinal muscles

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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contraction of esophageal muscles, pushes bolus along digestive tract.
If occurs with no food, you will feel “lump” in your throat.

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17
Q

What are sphincters? Name the two in the stomach.

A

Sphincters - muscles that encircle tubes, act as valves, contracting = closed, relaxing = open
Cardiac sphincter - prevents food from moving up out of stomach
Pyloric sphincter - ensures food is digested properly in stomach before moving on

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18
Q

Stomach

A

J-shaped organ, left side of body beneath diaphragm.

Stores food, aids digestion.

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19
Q

What are Gastric Glands and where are they located?

A

Produce gastric juice, in the mucus lining of stomach

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20
Q

What is Gastric Juice composed of?

A

Pepsinogen, HCl, H2O

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21
Q

What does Pepsinogen and HCl do together?

A

Forms pepsin

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22
Q

What does gastric juice (aka stomach acid) do?

A

Kills bacteria in food and helps break it down

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23
Q

What is chyme?

A

Thick, soupy liquid that leaves the stomach (was previously food)

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24
Q

Three zones of the Small Intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ilium

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25
What is significant about the Duodenum?
Secretion sent from liver and pancreas break down fat and peptides Secretion from duodenum itself also breaks down nutrients.
26
What is Bile?
Yellowish-green thick liquid derived from breakdown of hemoglobin Contains bile salts (derived from cholesterol) that emulsify fat in small intestine (breaks fat into fat droplets)
27
Why is breaking fat into fat droplets significant?
Increases surface area, digestive enzymes from pancreas can act upon it easier
28
What are Interstitial cells and why are they significant?
Line walls of duodenum and small intestine, produce juices that contain enzymes to finish digestion of protein and starch
29
Describe the lining of the small intestine
Wall contains villi, give soft/velvety appearance | Outer layer has thousands of microvilli that increase the surface area (for the absorption of nutrients)
30
Endocrine function of Pancreas
Secretes insulin and glucagon: hormones that maintain stable blood glucose levels
31
Exocrine function of Pancreas
Produces pancreatic juice (has sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, and digestive enzymes) NaHCO3 neutralizes chyme; pancreatic enzymes work in slightly basic pH Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, and lipase
32
Salivary Amylase
Starch => Maltose pH 7 Works in Mouth
33
Pepsin
Proteins => Peptides pH 3 Works in Stomach
34
Pancreatic Amylase
Starch => Maltose pH 8 Works in Small Intestine
35
Lipase
Fat droplets => Fatty Acids & Glycerol pH 7 Works in Small Intestine
36
Trypsin
Polypeptides => Peptides pH 7 Works in Small Intestine
37
What do Bile Salts do?
Fat => Fat droplets | Works in Small Intestine
38
Peptidase
Peptides => Amino Acids pH 7 Works in Small Intestine
39
Maltase
Maltose => Glucose pH 7 Works in Small Intestine
40
Lactase
Lactose => Glucose & Galactose pH 7 Works in Small Intestine
41
Sucrase
Sucrose => Glucose & Fructose pH 7 Works in Small Intestine
42
Describe the absorption of Fatty Acids and Glycerol in Epithelial Cells
Glycerol & Fatty Acids enter epithelial cells of villi Joined and packaged as lipoprotein droplets, enter lacteal nutrients are absorbed Carried to cells by bloodstream.
43
Describe the distribution of Sugars and Amino Acids
Enter blood through capillary network | Blood vessels from villi in Small Intestine merge to form Hepatic Portal Vein, leads to Liver
44
How does the Liver detoxify blood?
Removes metabolizing poisonous substances that come from the Hepatic Portal Vein
45
What does the Liver store?
Fe2+, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
46
What does the Liver do with Amino Acids?
Makes Plasma Proteins
47
What does the Liver do with Glucose?
Stores it as glycogen after a meal, breaks down to glucose to maintain glucose concentration of blood between eating periods.
48
How is Urea produced in the Liver?
Breakdown of Amino Acids
49
What does the Liver do with Bilirubin (product of breakdown of Hemoglobin)?
Excretes it in Bile
50
How does the Liver regulate Cholesterol levels?
Converts some to Bile Salts
51
What is the purpose of the Gallbladder?
Stores excess Bile, passes through to Duodenum
52
Name the components of the Large Intestine
Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
53
What are the 3 parts to the Large Intestine?
Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon
54
What is the main function of the Large Intestine?
Absorbs H2O, salts, some vitamins; stores indigestible material until it leaves through defecation
55
How are feces forced into the Rectum?
Peristalsis
56
Describe defecation
Stretching of rectal wall gives off nerve impulses to spinal cord, rectal muscles contract and anal sphincters relax
57
Feces
75% H2O (other 25% is solid) | Contains: billions of bacteria, fiber, and other indigestible materials
58
Describe the importance of Bacteria in the Large Intestine
Produce some vitamins and other molecules absorbed and used for the body
59
What is Diarrhea?
Too much water is expelled in feces Caused by: Infection of lower intestinal tract (eg. food poisoning) - peristalsis increases, H2O not absorbed, infectious organisms leave through Diarrhea Stress - Nervous system stimulates intestinal wall
60
What is Constipation?
Feces are dry, hard, difficult to expel Person learns to inhibit defecation Cure: H2O intake prevents feces from drying out, fiber provides bulk for elimination
61
What triggers the release of Gastrin?
Presence of Proteins in the stomach
62
What is Gastrin and what does it do?
Hormone secreted by the stomach wall that enters blood stream to stimulate the production of Gastric Juices (breaks down proteins with pepsin)
63
What triggers the release of Secretin?
Release of Chyme into Stomach => Duodenum
64
What is Secretin and what does it do?
Hormone secreted by the Duodenum wall that enters bloodstream to signal Pancreas to release NaHCO3 to neutralize acid chyme
65
What triggers the release of Cholecystokinin (CKK)?
Presence of Amino Acids or Fatty Acids in Small Intestine
66
What is Cholesystokinin (CKK) and what does it do?
Hormone secreted by the Duodenum wall that tells: Gallbladder to contract and release Bile into duodenum Pancrease to release Pancreatic Juice
67
What triggers the release of Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)?
Presence of Chyme rich in fats in Duodenum
68
What is Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) and what does it do?
Hormone secreted by the Duodenum wall that inhibits Gastrin & Gastric Gland secretion (opposite of Gastrin)
69
What are 3 enzymes in Pancreatic Juice?
Pancreatic amylase (polypeptides), Lipase (fats), Trypsin (polypeptides)

Biology 12 (2 decks)

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