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Grade 11 Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is the relationship between the body mass and metabolic rate?

A

the larger the animal, the slower the metabolic rate

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2
Q

What are nutrients

A

a chemical that must be obtained by an organism from its environment in order to survive, nutrients provide the raw material for growth and repair and may be a source of energy

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3
Q

How is light energy different from chemical energy?

A

light energy is used by plants and converted into chemical and cannot be stored in cells
chemical energy is obtained by eating the chemical energy made by plants and can be stored

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4
Q

what is endothermic organisms

A

mammals and birds- need much energy to keep bodies warm and therefore must consumer lots of energy (warm blooded animals)

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5
Q

What are ectothermic organisms

A

cold blooded

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6
Q

define metabolism

A

the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

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7
Q

define catabolism

A

the metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules from smaller subunits

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8
Q

define anabolism

A

the metabolic reactions that use energy to break down larger molecules from smaller subunits

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9
Q

define metabolic rate

A

the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy

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10
Q

wat factors affect a organisms metabolic rate?

A 
body size
physical activity
sex
age
hereditary factors
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11
Q

how does body size affect metabolic rate

A

he karger the body the more energy it requires to stay alive

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12
Q

how does physical activity affect metabolic rate

A

muscle burns more energy that fat, so physical activity requires more energy

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13
Q

how does sex affect metabolic rate

A

males are typically bigger and require more energy that females of the same age, size and fitness level

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14
Q

how does age affect metabolic rate

A

metabolic rate decreases with age

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15
Q

how does hereditary factors affect metabolic rate

A

some have naturally high metabolic rates

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16
Q

how is energy measured

A

in joules through the formula of

BMR= [655+(9.6xmass in kg)+(1.8xheight in cm)-(4.7xage in years)] x 4.18

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17
Q

Where do carbohydrate come from

A

glucose, fructose lactose and starches

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18
Q

What are the different structures that carbohydrates come in

A

monosaccharides-1 sugar
disaccairdes- 2 sugar
polusacchaides-many sugar

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19
Q

function of carbs in body

A

energy

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20
Q

where is carbs stored

A

liver , muscle and tissue

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21
Q

sources of lipids

A

fats and oils

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22
Q

form/structure of lipids

A

take form of some hormones

in a cabin-hydrogen chain

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23
Q

function of lipids

A

chemical energy

helps absorb vitamins

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24
Q

Sources of proteins

A

animal sources (meat and cheese), plant sources (nuts and seeds)

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25
structure/form of proteins
made of long chains called amino acids
26
function of proteins
``` building blocks of cell generates motion generates metabolic rate transports oxygen controls chemical reactions ```
27
what are the 6 essential nutrients needed
``` carbs protein minerals lipids water vitamins ```
28
What are the four main steps in digestion
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion
29
what is ingestion
The taking in of nutrients
30
What is digestion
The physical and chemical breakdown of complex food molecules to smaller molecules
31
What is absorption
The transfer of digested nutrients from the digestive system and the bloodstream
32
Define egestion
The removal of waste food materials from the body
33
how many digestive openings do more complex animals have
typically two (one for intake and one for outtake)
34
how long is the digestive track in a human
7m-9m (depending)
35
how does the muscle and bone system aid digestion
enables animals to catch and ingest food
36
how does the circulatory system aid digestion
transports oxygen and other materials to the digestive system and caries digesting food to parts of body
37
what starts the digestion in the mouth
enzymes called amylase
38
what teeth help digestion
molars are flat for grinding and crushing food, incisors and canines are sharp for grabbing and cutting
39
what does the teeth organisms have indicate
their diet
40
what kind of muscles are in the esophagus
smooth
41
What is peristalsis
Wavelike contractions to move food down
42
what is sphincter
circular muscles that contract to close an opening in the body
43
How many sphincters are there in the human body
over 50
44
where is the gastroesophageal sphincter located
where the esophagus joins the stomach. it prevents food and acid from moving up the esophagus (preventing acid reflux)
45
where is the pyloric sphincter located
between the exit point of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine
46
What is the stomach
Parking were food is temporarily stored and chemical digestion continues
47
What is gastric juice do
Provides the necessary acidic environment for enzymes to function. It also kills most of the bacteria or other microorganisms enter the stomach
48
What is gastrin
A major hormone that regulates acid secretion in The stomach
49
What is mucus
It is present in gastric juices and helps protect the stomach from acid damage
50
What is pepsinogen
It's secreted in the stomach and is converted to pepsine a protein digesting enzyme, when exposed to the acid present and gastric juices
51
What does pepsin do
Begins the breakdown of proteins into separate amino acids. Secreting the interactive enzyme pepsin engine prevents damage to the stomach tissue. If gastric glands were to make Pepsin and pepsinogen, the stomach would digest itself
52
What is the small intestine
Where most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place
53
How big is the small intestine
It's a two two only about 2.5 cm in diameter and can we 7 m long
54
What are the three sections a small intestine is made up of
Duodenum, jejunun, and the lieum
55
What happens in the duodenim
Most enzymes are added indigestion occurs
56
What happens in the jejunum
The dressing continues and some nutrients are absorbed
57
Where are the majority of nutrients absorbed
in the ileum
58
What is villi
The inner layer of the small intestine that is folded into ridges containing fingerlike projections to maximize surface area for nutrient absorption
59
How is the surface area even more increased in the small intestine
Each of the epithelial cells that make up the villi has even smaller microscopic projections of the cell membrane called microvillous
60
The combined effect of the villi and microvilli is estimated to increase the surface area by factor of what
500
61
Within each villus is a network of tiny blood vessels called what
capillaries
62
all nutrients, except for digestive thoughts, enter the bloodstream through the what
The pillory's
63
What are digested fats transported through
Small vessels called lacteals. They are transported into the lymphatic system and from there the bloodstream
64
What does the pancreas do
Secrete enzymes that are critical to the digestive process, and it also secretes hormones that regulate the absorption and storage of glucose from the blood
65
Where is the enzyme amylase found
In the saliva is also secrete by the pancreas and continues the digestion of starch
66
When is a hormone called cholecystokinin (CKK) released
When fat rich chyme enters the duodenim
67
What does CKK do
To secrete of variety of substances including ones that control the pH of a test signing enzymes that are needed relief this lipid, carbs and protein digestion Also signals the stomach to slow down the speed of digestion so that fat be properly digested
68
What is a pH of chyme it enters the small intestine
About 2.5
69
What is the low pH of chyme trigger
Account cold cold pro secret that is present in the epithelial cells of small intestine is converted into its active form secretin
70
What is secretions primary function
To simulate the pancreas to release bio carbonate ion to neutralize the acidic chyme and raise the pH 2.5 to pH 9.0
71
Does secretin to protect the small intestine from stomach acids
Yes
72
Why is pepsin discontinued in the small intestine
Because it's only active in acidic conditions
73
What is trypsinogen
The pancreas releases it and it is an inactive form of protein digesting enzyme called enterokinase
74
What does trypsinogen do
Travel to the pancreas to the duodenum and once it reaches their an enzyme Called enterokinase converts it into an active trypsin
75
What is the action of lipases
Thoughts and to enter the duodenum are subject to this which is a group of enzymes secreted by the pancreas that breakdown lipids into fatty acid molecules
76
What are fats in chyme presented as
Large globules
77
Can look paces penetrate beyond the surface of fat globules
no, the liver must help
78
what does the liver produce
bile
79
what is bile
A substance that emulsifiers fats, breaking them into tiny droplets called micelles
80
How does this help lipases
Gives them a much greater surface area on which to act in the rate of lipid suggestion increases
81
Where is bile stored
The gallbladder
82
When the lipids are present in the small intestine, where is the bile squeezed out of
The bile duct
83
the breakdown and removal of toxins occurs where
the liver
84
does the liver also produces in stores glisan gin and fat-soluble vitamins?
yes
85
Define passive transport
Movement of materials across the cell membrane without the use of energy from the cell. This indicates diffusion, osmosis and facilitated diffusion
86
Defined diffusion
It will follow the concentrated gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. For example small amino acid can diffuse directly into the bloodstream
87
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration of water molecules
88
What is facilitated diffusion
The diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane via transport protein
89
What is active transport
Materials are moved across the cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration using energy provided by the cell
90
What is active transport used for
To transport molecules that are too large or half stronger on even electrical charge that otherwise will not diffuse across the membrane
91
About how long is the large intestine
Approximately 1.5 m in length but is 2 to 3 times larger in diameter than the small intestine
92
What is the large intestine consist of
cecum, colon, rectum and anus
93
Is most of the digestion and instruction completed by the time the digestive material has reached large intestine
Yes
94
When is water absorbed through the process of osmosis
At undigested material such as cellulose passes through the Colin
95
Approximately how many liters of fluids passes large intestine daily
20
96
What vitamins and I and are also absorbed in the large intestine
Vitamin B and K and sodium and chloride
97
But how many hours does it take for the undigested material to passive large intestine
4 to 72 hours depending on the types and volume of food eaten
98
How many species of bacteria are in the large intestine
More than 500
99
What is most common species of bacteria in human large intestine
E. coli. These bacteria exists in the intestine in a symbiotic relationship
100
What do the bacteria produce
vitamin K and some vitamin b
101
What is another byproduct of bacteria action
Gas switches the mixture of carbon dioxide methane and hydrogen sulfide
102
What is flatulence
Escapes gas made by the bacteria that was not absorbed

Grade 11 Biology (8 decks)

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