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Animal Diseases > Digestive System ALL > Flashcards

Digestive System ALL Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bacteria is salmonella?

A

gram negative rod shaped bacteria

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2
Q

Classifications of salmonella

A
  1. non-motile serotypes
  2. motile paratyphoid serotypes
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3
Q

Reportable types of salmonella in New Hampshire

A
  1. S. pullorum
  2. S. typhimurium
  3. S. enteritidis
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4
Q

What salmonella strain was the national poultry improvement plan originally started to test and control for?

A

S. pullorum

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5
Q

Two non-motile salmonella serotypes:

A
  1. S. pullorum (pullorum disease)
  2. S. gallinarum (fowl typhoid)
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6
Q

What animals are the hosts of Non-motile salmonella adapted to?

A

chickens and turkeys

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7
Q

Can Non-motile salmonella affect mammals?

A

yes, but it is very rare

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8
Q

Has pullorum disease been eradicated?

A

in almost all US commercial flocks

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9
Q

How does S. pullorum get transmitted?

A
  1. Vertically (trans ovarian)
  2. horizontally (direct and indirect contact)
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10
Q

S. pullorum has a very high mortality in birds of what age?

A

up to 3 weeks old

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11
Q

Signs of S. pullorum

A

-huddling near heat source, anorexia, weakness, diarrhea, dehydration
-lesions in younger birds, unabsorbed egg sac, abscesses in organs, necrotic tissue, enlarged spleen, septic arthritis

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12
Q

If the bird survives S. pullorum then they can become __________.

A

carriers

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13
Q

How to diagnose S. pullorum?

A
  1. culturing and serotyping (determining bacteria strain) in younger birds
  2. serum agglutination testing (whole blood antibody test) in older birds
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14
Q

Is there treatment for S. pullorum?

A

not really

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15
Q

What are the control protocols for S. pullorum?

A
  1. screening tests
  2. culling infected birds
  3. purchasing birds only from NPIP farms
  4. biosecurity
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16
Q

Transmission for S. gallinarum

A

vertical and horizontal

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17
Q

Signs of S. gallinarum

A

pale, dehydrated, greenish diarrhea

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18
Q

What is more common in 50% of the flock, S. pullorum or S. gallinarum?

A

S. gallinarum

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19
Q

Lesions of S. gallinarum

A

enlarged, bile stained liver with areas of necrosis, enlarged kidneys and spleen, anemia, inflammation with necrosis of intestines

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20
Q

Diagnosis and control for S. gallinarum

A

similar to S. pullorum

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21
Q

How many non-host adapted species can be infected with motile paratyphoid salmonella?

A

> 2500

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22
Q

Does motile paratyphoid salmonella affect vertebrates?

A

yes many

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23
Q

What types of motile paratyphoid salmonella are common in poultry?

A

S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. heidelberg

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24
Q

Most common transmission for motile paratyphoid salmonella:

A

fecal-oral with direct or indirect contact

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25
Q

What two motile paratyphoid salmonella have vertical transmission?

A

S. enteritidis and S. arizonae

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26
Q

If motile paratyphoid salmonella occurs when is it normally seen in birds?

A

<1 month old with signs of lesions like pullorum

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27
Q

Effects of motile paratyphoid salmonella:

A

abscesses inside eye and within brain, blindness, neurological signs

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28
Q

Are poultry carriers for motile paratyphoid salmonella?

A

yes

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29
Q

What can antibiotics do for motile paratyphoid salmonella?

A

can limit bird mortality but can’t eliminate flock infection

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30
Q

Can we vaccinate for motile paratyphoid salmonella?

A

technically but doesn’t provide complete protection

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31
Q

What is recommended to control motile paratyphoid salmonella?

A

testing and culling

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32
Q

Weaning Stressors

A
  1. maternal separation
  2. fighting and establishing social hierarchy
  3. increased exposure to the pathogen
  4. transportation stress
  5. change in environment
  6. abrupt diet change
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33
Q

Osmotic diarrhea mechanism

A

additional water is pulled into GIT, if excessive amounts of solute are retained in the lumen water will not be absorbed

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34
Q

Inflammatory diarrhea mechanism

A

water and nutrients cannot pass through the inflamed intestinal wall

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35
Q

Motility diarrhea mechanism

A

contents move too quickly for normal water absorption to occur

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36
Q

Secretory diarrhea mechanism

A

epithelial lining actively secretes more water than they reabsorb

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37
Q

Most diarrhea involves what mechanism?

A

usually multiple

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38
Q

Salmonella most common in swine

A
  1. S. choleraesius
  2. S. typhimurium
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39
Q

Other possible salmonella in pigs

A
  1. S. Heidelberg
  2. S. enteritidis
  3. S. typhisius
  4. S. agona
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40
Q

Reportable salmonella serotypes in NH

A

S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium

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41
Q

Is pork a major source of food borne salmonella?

A

no

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42
Q

What age is salmonella most common in for pigs?

A

weaned and growing pigs

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43
Q

Most common intestinal form of salmonella:

A

S. typhimurium

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44
Q

Characteristics of intestinal salmonellosis

A
  1. high morbidity and moderate mortality
  2. watery diarrhea and can contain blood or mucous
  3. inflammation and necrosis of large and small intestine
  4. chronic cases can stunt growth
45
Q

Septicemic form of salmonella:

A

S. choleraesuis

46
Q

Characteristics of Septicemic salmonellosis

A
  1. low morbidity, high case fatality
  2. red/purple skin lesions, depression, anorexia, fever
  3. fluid in lungs, enlarged spleen and liver, +/- liver necrosis
47
Q

How is salmonella transmitted?

A

fecal-oral direct or indirect

48
Q

What animals can carry salmonella?

A

rodents and wild birds

49
Q

Diagnosis of salmonella:

A

culture from lesions, identify serotype

50
Q

Treatment of salmonella:

A

antibiotics may reduce severity, reduction in carrier status has not been confirmed

51
Q

Control of salmonella:

A
  1. acquire new stock only from producers with no recent history of salmonella
  2. quarantine new additions
  3. minimize stress and improve environment
  4. reduce contact with carriers
  5. vaccinate
52
Q

Colibacillosis

A

escherichia coli

53
Q

What type of bacteria is e.coli?

A

gram negative rods

54
Q

In what environment does e.coli survive in?

A

warm wet environments

55
Q

Enterotoxigenic

A

bacteria produces toxins while in intestines, e.coli does this, can cause severe diarrhea

56
Q

What age is e.coli most common in?

A

1 day old to 2-4 weeks post weaning

57
Q

Signs of e.coli

A

watery diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, death, intestines that are filled with watery fluid and gas

58
Q

How is e.coli transmitted?

A

fecal-oral direct or indirect

59
Q

How to diagnose e.coli?

A

culture of uniform population of e.coli from small intestine and use PCR to identify toxin genes in isolated strain

60
Q

Control of e.coli

A
  1. improve sanitation and husbandry
  2. breeding females acclimated to endemic strains
  3. vaccines prior to breeding to develop immunity
  4. treatment of sick litters with antibiotics
61
Q

Diarrhea

A

condition that involves frequent passing of loose or watery stools

62
Q

Dysentery

A

intestinal inflammation especially in colon that can lead to severe diarrhea with mucus or blood in feces

63
Q

Swine Dysentery

A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

64
Q

What type of bacteria is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

A

gram-negative anaerobic spirochete bacteria

65
Q

What environment does Brachyspira hyodysenteriae survive in?

A

moist environments for months

66
Q

Increased incidents of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae are normally where?

A

at organic operations

67
Q

What age does Brachyspira hyodysenteriae affect?

A

pigs post-weaning to adults, they can be carriers

68
Q

Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea

A

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae causes this; it is diarrhea with fresh mucus and blood causes dehydration and anorexia

69
Q

Signs of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

A

severe inflammation, edema, necrosis, and thickening of large intestine with no lesions in small intestine

70
Q

Transmission of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae:

A

fecal-oral by direct or indirect

71
Q

Diagnosis of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

A

culture or PCR from intestinal mucosa or feces

72
Q

Prevention of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

A

-purchase only from dysentery free herds
-use quarantine or all in/all out system

73
Q

Control of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

A
  1. early weaning of piglets with transfer to clean site –> market/depopulate infected herd
  2. sanitize facility
  3. antimicrobial treatment
74
Q

Proliferative Enteritis

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

75
Q

What type of bacteria is Lawsonia intracellularis?

A

gram-negative rod

76
Q

What does Lawsonia intracellularis do?

A

infects and stunts maturation of enterocytes

77
Q

What age does Lawsonia intracellularis normally occur?

A

post-weaned to adult pigs

78
Q

Acute form of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

hemorrhagic diarrhea, weakness, pallor, death

79
Q

Chronic form of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

diarrhea and wasting/stunted growth

80
Q

Are subclinical carriers likely in Lawsonia intracellularis?

A

yes very

81
Q

Lesions of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

thickening of intestinal lining with no proliferation of immature mucous cells

82
Q

Transmission of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

fecal-oral direct or indirect

83
Q

Diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

demonstration of bacteria within lesions with culture or PCR

84
Q

What can affect Lawsonia intracellularis outbreaks?

A

stress

85
Q

Treatment of Lawsonia intracellularis

A

antibiotics

86
Q

control for Lawsonia intracellularis

A

vaccines

87
Q

(TGE) Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A

corona virus that only occurs in swine

88
Q

What environment does Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis live in?

A

cold environments

89
Q

Are all age groups susceptible to Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis?

A

yes

90
Q

Acute form of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A
  1. vomiting profuse diarrhea, dehydration, marked thirst
  2. very high mortality in piglets
  3. survivors excrete virus up to 18 months
91
Q

Chronic form of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A
  1. seen in herds with partial immunity
  2. similar signs but much less severe with reduced mortality
92
Q

Lesions of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A

distention of small intestine with foamy fluid and undigested milk

93
Q

Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis can cause ____________.

A

villous atrophy

94
Q

Transmission of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A

feces and milk ,direct and indirect

95
Q

Diagnosis of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A

PCR on feces or special stains of intestines

96
Q

Support care for Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A

none

97
Q

Control of Trasmissibile Gastroenteritis

A

strict biosecurity, all in/out, vaccination of sows/gilts, natural exposure of all breeding stock to virus in advance of farrowing

98
Q

Porcine Rotavirus virus type

A

non-enveloped RNA virus

99
Q

What type of Porcine Rotavirus is most common?

A

Type A

100
Q

Are all swine facilities most likely affected with Porcine Rotavirus?

A

yes

101
Q

Signs seen of Porcine Rotavirus in what age of pigs?

A

1-6 week old

102
Q

Are adults carriers of Porcine Rotavirus ?

A

yes

103
Q

Signs of Porcine Rotavirus

A
  1. high morbidity, high mortality
    2.pasty white to yellow diarrhea occasional vomiting
104
Q

Lesions of Porcine Rotavirus

A

inflammation of intestines with destruction/atrophy of villi

105
Q

Transmission of Porcine Rotavirus

A

fecal-oral direct or indirect

106
Q

Diagnosis of Porcine Rotavirus

A

identifying virus in feces PCR/antigen testing or in small intestine with special stains

107
Q

Does supportive care work for Porcine Rotavirus ?

A

yes

108
Q

Control of Porcine Rotavirus

A
  1. good husbandry and sanitation
  2. vaccinate gilts and sows

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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