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biology 153 > digestive system (anatomy) > Flashcards

digestive system (anatomy) Flashcards

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1
Q

digestive system=

A

alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory organs

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2
Q

general functions of the digestive system include

A

ingestion- eating
digestion- mechanical and chemical
absorption- nutrients absorbed by epithelial cells into blood and lymph
egestion- defecation (excretion of undigested foods)

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3
Q

in the alimentary canal there is the muscularis externa, what are the two layers

A

longitudinal layer

circular layer

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4
Q

which layer is outermost in canal of muscularis externa

A

longitudinal (O for outer)

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5
Q

which layer is innermost in canal of muscularis externa

A

circular layer (I for inner)

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6
Q

what is inner to the circular layer

A

submucosa (connective tissue)

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7
Q

the mucosa is made up of?

A 
muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
lamina propria (connective tissue)
epithelium
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8
Q

how is food propelled throughout the alimentary canal

A

contraction of smooth muscle fibers in muscularis externa

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9
Q

what happens when the longitudinal muscle contracts?

A

the canal shortens

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10
Q

what happens when the circular muscle contracts?

A

canal lengthens and narrows

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11
Q

what are the 2 movements produced by contraction of smooth muscle in muscularis externa?

A

peristalsis and segmentation

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12
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

food is propelled toward anus (unidirectional)

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13
Q

what is the peristaltic reflex?

A

stretching of smooth muscle by food triggers reflexive contraction proximal to bolus and relaxation distally

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14
Q

what is segmentation?

A

back and forth movement (mixing)

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15
Q

what are mesenteries?

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum extending from organ surface to body wall

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16
Q

what to mesenteries hold in place?

A

intraperitoneal organs

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17
Q

what do mesenteries provide a network for?

A

blood/lymph vessel/ nerve attachment

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18
Q

what organs are retroperitoneal (outside peritoneal cavities)

A

rectum, duodenum, pancreas, ascending/descending colon

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19
Q

which mesenteries are considered ventral mesenteries

A
  • falciform ligament

- lesser omentum

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20
Q

what is the falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to diaphragm and ventral wall

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21
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

attaches lesser curvature of stomach to liver

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22
Q

what mesenteries are considered dorsal mesenteries

A
  • greater omentum
  • mesentery proper
  • mesocolon
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23
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

drapes over coils of small intestine; attaches greater curvature of stomach to the dorsal wall

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24
Q

what is the mesentery proper

A

links coils of jejunum and ileum and binds to dorsal wall

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25
what is the mesocolon
large sheet of tissue attaches transverse and sigmoid colon to dorsal wall
26
mouth (oral/buccal cavity) hold:
tongue, teeth, salivary glands
27
what is the tongue
glossal muscles manipulate food to form a bolus
28
what is the tongue anchored to the floor of buccal cavity by
frenulum
29
what are papillae
bumps, grip food; associated with glands that secrete fat digesting enzyme linguinal lipase
30
what are taste buds
sensory chemoreceptors located in the pits between the papillae
31
how many adult teeth and of which kind
32 adult teeth - 8 incisors - 4 canines (cuspids) - 8 premolars - 12 molars
32
what are the incisors for
biting and griping
33
what are the canines for
tearing
34
what are the premolars and molars for
chewing and grinding
35
what are salivary glands
exocrine glands that secrete saliva (1-1.5L per day)
36
what are the functions of saliva
``` moistens, dissolves food antimicrobial (lysozyme and IgA antibodies) digests starch (salivary amylase) buffers acid (alkaline) lubricates bolus (mucins) ```
37
three pairs of salivary glands
parotid (in cheeks) sublingual (under tongue) submandibular (floor of mouth, secrete 70% of saliva)
38
what is the esophagus
a muscular tube that conveys food to stomach (approx 25 cm long)
39
what tissue is the esophagus
epithelium, non-keratinized stratified squamous
40
what glands are in the esophagus that lubricate the bolus
submucosal mucus glands
41
what regulates the passage of food into the stomach
the cardiac/esophageal sphincter
42
what is swallowing initiated by
voluntarily initiated, but proceeds automatically
43
what is the swallowing reflex
triggered when bolus of food contacts the uvula (pharyngeal muscles contract to push food into esophagus, peristalsis moves food toward stomach)
44
what is the stomach
a storage organ, rugae (folds) expand so that there is a 4L capacity
45
gastric pits in the stomach house?
gastric glands, gastric gland cells
46
what kind of epithelial cells are in the gastric pit
simple columnar
47
in the gastric gland there are 4 cells..?
mucous neck cells parietal cells chief cells G cells
48
mucous neck cells
secrete mucus
49
parietal cells
secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (required for absorption of B12)
50
chief cells
secrete pepsinogen, activated by HCl- become pepsin (protein digesting enzyme)
51
G cells
secrete hormone gastrin
52
gastric juice?
very acidic, pH is about 2, kills bacteria
53
stomach peristalsis "churning" to form..
acid chyme (acidic food paste) moves through pyloric sphincter
54
what additional layer in the muscularis externa facilitates churning
oblique muscle
55
what is the small intestine
19 feet of convoluted tube, small diameter
56
what are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine
- duodenum - jejunum - ileum
57
what is the duodenum
proximal 5% -main site of chemical digestion -receives pancreatic juice (from pancreas) and bile (from gallbladder)
58
what is the jejunum
middle 40%
59
what is the ileum
distal 55%
60
what are the jejunum and ileum good for
huge surface area specialized for absorption of water and nutrients; cells here secrete digestive enzymes
61
microanatomy of the small intestine- there are 3 main structures?
- pilcae circularis - villi - microvilli
62
what are the pilcae circularis
large folds of mucosal membrane
63
what are the villi
finger like projections of mucosal surface
64
what are the microvilli
folds in apical surface of epithelial surface- form "brush border" membrane
65
all 3 micro structures of small intestine..
increase surface area
66
what are the 3 specialized cells in the small intestine and there function
goblet cells- secrete mucus crypt cells- secrete digestive enzymes Brunner's glands- produce alkaline secretion
67
what is the large intestine (structurally)
large diameter, but short in length (1.5 m)
68
functions of the large intestine
- water reabsorption - compaction/ storage of feces - absorption of some vitamins - many bacteria (non-pathogenic- coliforms)
69
what are coliforms
non-pathogenic bacteria in large intestine, protect, digest, stimulate immune system, produce vit K and some B vitamins
70
what is the histology of the l.i
simple columnar, no villi, lots of goblet cells
71
structures of the large intestine
ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
72
what are taenia coli
3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle; strong, slow contractions
73
what is the anus
large intestine terminates in rectum, 6 inches long and expandable.. it stores feces which goes to the anus
74
what are the two anal sphincters and their tissue
internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) | external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)
75
what is the liver
largest visceral organ in the body, has some ability to regenerate
76
functions of the liver (6)
1. metabolic factory (receives nutrients and metabolizes) 2. produces bile from cholesterol (bile acids which emulsify fats) 3. inactivation of drugs, toxins, hormones 4. storage of iron & fat soluble vitamins 5. breaks down RBC's/hemoglobin/antibodies 6. synthesis of plasma proteins (ex. clotting factors, albumin, complement)
77
blood supply to the liver?
receives 25% of cardiac output blood arrives by 2 routes -hepatic artery -hepatic portal vein
78
where is blood from hepatic artery from
oxygen rich blood from heart
79
where is blood from hepatic portal vein from
nutrient rich blood from digestive system
80
what are liver cells called
hepatocytes | functional unit= lobules, approx 100000
81
what is each lobule of the liver structurally like?
hexagonal- 6 portal triads connected by sinusoidal capillaries to a central vein
82
what is a portal triad
bile ductule + portal venule + hepatic arteriole
83
as blood passes through the sinusoids, what do the hepatocytes do?
absorb and secrete materials into bloodstream
84
what is the gallbladder function
store and concentrate bile (up to 70ml)
85
the liver continously synthesizes bile and the gallbladder fills when the sphincter is?
closed
86
what is the pancreas
both and exocrine and endocrine gand
87
what are pancreatic acini
they house exocrine cells, secrete pancreatic juice
88
what are the characteristics of pancreatic juice
- alkaline solution - lipase digests lipids - nucleases digest RNA/DNA - amylase digests starch - proteases digest proteins
89
pancreatic duct delivers pancreatic juice to?
hepatopancreatic sphincter- duodenum

biology 153 (17 decks)

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