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immune system (specific) Flashcards

1
Q

what is adaptive defence?

A

has specificity- recognizes and destroys foreign substances

-has memory (initial response to pathogen is slow, subsequent is rapid)

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2
Q

what is an antigen?

what do they trigger?

A

a substance that can be triggered by immune system as foreign
-triggers antibody production (ex. proteins, lipids, polysaccharides on surface of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other “non-self” things that induce specific response

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3
Q

antigens have (2) traits?

A
  1. reactivity- react with specific lymphocytes and antibodies
  2. immunogenicity- stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production
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4
Q

part of antigen that is specifically recognized and reacts with the antibody?

A

epitope, otherwise known as antibody determinant

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5
Q

how does the immune system distinguish SELF from NON-SELF?

A

MHC proteins!

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6
Q

what does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

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7
Q

what are MHC proteins?

A

special proteins on the surface of all body cells (also known as HLAs on blood cells)

  • genetically unique to each person
  • coded for by genes in the major histocompatibility complex of your genome
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8
Q

what chromosome are MHC genes on?

A

chromosome 6, inherited as a haplotype (unique combo from mom and dads genes)

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9
Q 
there are 2 classes of MHC proteins- class 1 and class 2. 
which class do ALL cells express?
A

class one

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10
Q

which cells express class 2 MHC proteins?

A

only special immune cells

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11
Q

MHC proteins are continually synthesized and exported to where?

A

the cell surface, and as they form they pick up small peptides from inside the cell and display them

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12
Q

the peptide fragments in MHC allow the immune system to?

A

differentiate healthy (normal) cells from abnormal cells

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13
Q

another term for antibodies?

A

immunoglobulins (Igs)

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14
Q

what are antibodies?

A

a gamma globulin protein in blood and some other bodily fluids
-antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes

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15
Q

structure of the antibody?

A

4 peptide chains:

  • 2 light chains (each chain has a constant (C))
  • 2 heavy chains (region and variable (V) region)
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16
Q

which region of the antibody differs?

A

the variable region- it is the region that recognizes and binds to specific antigens

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17
Q

there are 5 functions of antibodies- what are they?

A
  1. neutralization
  2. opsonization
  3. precipitation
  4. agglutination
  5. complement-activation
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18
Q

neutralization and antibody function?

A

the antibody binds to the antigen and blocks activity

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19
Q

opsonization and antibody function?

A

the antibody coats foreign cells, allows macrophage to attach= phagocytosis

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20
Q

precipitation and antibody function?

A

soluble antigens- rended insoluble when antibodies bind, can’t be widely administered

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21
Q

agglutination and antibody function?

A

clumping of cells (due to antigen-antibody cross-linking)

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22
Q

complement activation and antibody function?

A

antigen-antibody complex activates complement which enhances the production of inflammatory mediators and cell lysis

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23
Q

5 types of antibodies

A 
igG
igM
igA
igD
igE
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24
Q

igG antibody?

A
  • most abundant antibody in blood, protects against virus
  • activates complement
  • “monomer”, small, can cross over placenta
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25
igM antibody?
- first antibodies to appear following antigen exposure - activates complement - "pentamer", large
26
igA antibody?
found in saliva, tears, semen, sweat, mucus, breast milk - prevent attachment of viruses. bacteria on epithelial surface - "dimer", two Y shapes
27
igD antibody?
found on surface of B cells - binding to antigen can activate B cell - monomer
28
igE antibody?
attaches to receptors on most cells/basophils - interaction with antigen triggers histamine release--- inflammation - monomer
29
what are the main cells of adaptive immune defense?
lymphocytes! (Specific defense cells!) B cells and T cells
30
B cells.. where do they mature? role?
mature in Bone marrow | -involved in antibody production, "humoral immunity"
31
T cells.. where do they mature? differentiate into?
mature in Thymus gland -differentiate into several subtypes (helper T, regulatory T, cytotoxic T), "cell mediated immunity"
32
what does humoral immunity involve? | proliferation by..?
involves B cells & production of antibodies - also involves clonal selection - proliferation by mitosis of those cells that recognize and bind to specific antigen
33
what does it mean by clonal selection & humoral immunity?
the proliferation by mitosis produces an army of clones (genetically identical cells) that can target a specific antigen
34
location of B cells?
develop in bone marrow naive/immature B cells, then they migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue which is where they encounter the antigen
35
what is a b cell receptor (BCR)?
each cell has a b cell receptor- an igD antibody that is expressed on the cell surface an can interact with a specific antigen
36
what can B cells differentiate into (2 things)?
- plasma cells that secrete antibodies | - memory B cells (long lived cells that provide specific immunity to a particular antigen)
37
the differentiate of naive B cells into the mature antibody secreting plasma cells and memory cells usually requires what?
activation by a helper T ce;;
38
what is the primary response (encounter, where?)
- 1st encounter with pathogen! in lymphoid tissue | - antigen recognition synthesizes B cell (by B cells with a complementary receptor)
39
after the antigen is recognized in primary response, what happens?
clonal selection! activation population of B cells divide, produce genetically identical clones. somatic hypermutation creates SUPER B cells with high antigen affinity!
40
during clonal selection- what is costimulation?
a helper T cell activates the B cell!
41
after clonal selection what happens? (2 options)
either differentiate into B cells that become plasma cells OR -long lived memory B cells
42
the B plasma cells then..?
secrete lots of low affinity igM antibody specific to antigen
43
the long lived memory B cells then initiate what response?
SECONDARY response! 2nd encounter, rapid production of high affinity igG antibody by memory B cells
44
what does cell mediated immunity involve?
T cells and antigen presenting cells
45
T cells maturing in the thymus gland is also known as?
T cell boot camp, the cells become immunocompetent there!
46
what happens during T cell bootcamp? | positive vs. negative selection
T cells develop self-tolerance so that they do not attack your cells. only 2% graduate :'( -positive selection= T cells must recognize your cells! (MHC proteins) -negative selection= T cells must not react or attack your self-antigens
47
what are the three main types of T cells
- helper T cells - cytotoxic T cells - T regulatory cells
48
function of helper T cell?
to secrete cytokines.. the cytokines then: - activate phagocytes - trigger inflammation - stimulate division and activate other T and B cells
49
cytotoxic T cell function?
to secrete lymphotoxins: | lymphotoxins directly kill virus infected cells, cancer cells, disease
50
inhibitory cytokines function?
suppress T and B cell activity (dampen immune response)
51
what is the role of antigen presenting cells?
to phagocytize and ingest pathogens | -they process pathogens and present foreign antigens in MHC proteins to the T cells
52
how do T cells see the pathogens?
the only way is by antigen presenting cells!
53
antigen presenting cells include?
-phagocytes that phagocytize foreign cells -virus infected cells -sensitized B cells that endocytize antigen ALL present the foreign antigen attached to a MHC protein on cell surface which ACTIVATES the T cell
54
what are dendritic cells? (hint: professionals!) | where are they?
the professional APCs! they are phagocytes that specialize in antigen presentation -they reside in tissues that are in contact with external environment
55
what are dendritic cells constantly sampling?
constantly sampling the environment for viruses and bacteria -often the first leukocyte to encounter a pathogen
56
where do dendritic cells migrate to?
they migrate to lymph nodes, which is where they present the antigen which activates specific T and B cells
57
``` what is the message from class 1 MHC proteins? what kind of T cells does it activate? ```
I am abnormal- destroy me! all cells present normal self peptide fragments in MHC 1 activates CYTOTOXIC T cells to destroy the abnormal cells
58
``` who presents antigens in class 2 MHC proteins? what does the message mean? what does it activate? ```
- only antigen presenting cells present in MHC 2 - means "find this and destroy me!" - activates helper T cells (CD4+ cells)
59
activation of specific immunity leads to?
acquired immunity
60
acquired immunity can be one of two types?
naturally acquired or artificially acquired
61
what is naturally acquired immunity?
active: infection by pathogen- memory T and B cells, antibodies passive: antibodies from mother at birth
62
what is artificially acquired immunity?
active: vaccine- memory T and B cells, antibodies passive: gamma globulin injection of antibodies

biology 153 (17 decks)

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