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Organology Exam 2 > Digestive System I > Flashcards

Digestive System I Flashcards

1
Q

Oral cavity

A
  • lined by stratified squamous epithelium

- lined by a mucous membrane

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2
Q

What keeps the mucous membrane moist?

A

secretion of glands and/or epithelial cells

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3
Q

Lips

A
  • mucocutaneous junction and forms the entrance to the oral cavity
  • covered by thick stratified squamous epithelium
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4
Q

What makes up the long papillae of the lips?

A

underlying lamina propria/submucosa form long papillae that extend into the thick epithelial layer

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5
Q

Palate

A

forms the dorsal wall of the oral cavity and is divided into hard and soft parts

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6
Q

Hard palate

A
  • mucous membrane over bone with rostral transverse ridges

- submucosa continuous with the periosteum of the bones

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7
Q

Dental pad

A
  • located in the rostral part of the hard palate in ruminants and replaces the upper incisors
  • has a thick stratum corneum to withstand mechanical stress applied by the lower incisors
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8
Q

Soft palate

A
  • located caudal to hard palate and consists of mucous membrane covering skeletal muscles
  • may contain lymphatic nodules
  • transition to respiratory epithelium occurs on the dorsal surface of the soft palate
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9
Q

Buccal wall

A
  • located deep to the facial muscles
  • contains minor salivary glands
  • contains openings of ducts from major salivary glands
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10
Q

Tongue

A
  • mucous membrane sack filled with skeletal muscles

- functions in mastication, swallowing, and grooming

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11
Q

Epithelial papillae of tongue and oral cavity are classified as what 2 things?

A 
mechanical functions (keratinized)
gustatory function (contains taste buds)
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12
Q

Filiform papillae

A
  • most numerous
  • found throughout the dorsal surface of rostral 2/3 of tongue
  • apical processes are keratinized, point caudally
  • important for grooming and grasping food
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13
Q

Conical papillae

A
  • located on root of tongue and cheek inner surface

- large with keratinized epithelium and large CT core

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14
Q

Lenticular papillae

A
  • large, grossly visible, lentil shaped, and keratinized

- found on dorsal prominence of tongue in ruminants

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15
Q

Fungiform papillae

A
  • scattered on rostral dorsal surface of tongue
  • may be keratinized in herbivores
  • taste buds found on dorsal surface in carnivores, lateral surface in herbivores
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16
Q

Vallate papillae

A
  • arranged in V at rostral border of the root of tongue
  • each papilla surrounded by a depression called a moat
  • taste buds located on lateral surface and open in moat
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17
Q

Foliate papillae

A
  • found in row at lateral margin of tongue
  • leaf-like, separated by furrows
  • numerous taste buds may be located on their lateral surface
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18
Q

Gustatory glands

A
  • serous secreting w/ ducts opening into the moat around vallate papillae or furrows between foliate papillae
  • secretions function as medium through which chemicals diffuse to taste buds
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19
Q

What is taste?

A

chemosensation

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20
Q

Taste buds

A
  • located on fungiform, vallate, and foliate papillae as well as epiglottis and soft palate
  • comprised of oval clusters of columnar cells located within the epithelium and extending through its thickness
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21
Q

Taste pore

A

opens into the oral cavity

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22
Q

Name the 2 types of columnar cells within a taste bud

A

sensory (neuroepithelial) cells

supportive (sustentacular) cells

23
Q

Sensory cells

A
  • taste receptors on apical processes
  • basal synaptic vesicles
  • nerve contacts
24
Q

Sustentacular cells

A
  • apical microvilli
  • higher levels of L-type Ca2+ channels
  • needed for nerve impulse generation
25
Q

What influences tastant sensitivity?

A

interactions beween sensory cells

26
Q

How are basal cells related to taste buds?

A

basal cells divide every few days to replace the columnar cells of a taste bud

27
Q

Taste sensation

A
  • sensory cells express specialized receptors that are responsible for the various modalities of taste
  • a single taste cell may respond to multiple taste modalities
28
Q

Name the 5 taste modalities

A 
sweet
umami
bitter
salt
sour
29
Q

What is the ligand for sweet?

A

mono/di/poly-saccharides, sweeteners

cats have T1R2 deletion, can’t taste sweet

30
Q

What is the ligand for umami?

A

amino acids

mostly glutamate in humans, all amino acids in mice

31
Q

What is the ligand for bitter?

A

vegetable alkyloids, quinine, etc.

T2$ receptors found in gastric and duodenal enteroendocrine cells

32
Q

What is the ligand for salt?

A

sodium ions, others

33
Q

What is the ligand for sour?

A

organic acids - e.g. citric, malic

34
Q

How are teeth classified?

A

according to the type of growth

according to the period of function

35
Q

Brachydont (short tooth)

A
  • finite growth period
  • limited period of eruption
  • found in man, carnivores, pig, and ruminant (incisors)
36
Q

Hypsodont teeth

A
  • continuously erupting

- continuously emerging through the gingivia

37
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

first teeth to erupt, then root is resorbed by osteoclast and replaced by adult dentition

38
Q

Permanent teeth

A

last throughout adult life

39
Q

Crown

A
  • part of tooth distal to neck
  • clinical clown is part exposed through gingiva
  • composed of layers of enamel over dentin
40
Q

Gingiva

A
  • gum

- anchored to enamel

41
Q

Root

A
  • anchored in a bony alveolus of the jaw

- composed of the mineralized dentin covered by cementin

42
Q

Pulp cavity

A

-located in center of tooth and contains nerves, vascular supply, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers

43
Q

Periodontal ligament

A
  • consists of perforating fibers anchored in both the bony alveolus of jaw and cementum of root
  • shock absorber, holds tooth in place
44
Q

Name the 3 mineralized tissues in teeth

A

enamel
dentin
cementum

45
Q

Enamel (4)

A
  • formed by ameloblasts
  • hardest part of tooth
  • composed of acellular organic matrix and hydroxyapatite
  • enamel does not form after eruption of tooth
46
Q

Dentin (4)

A
  • produced by odontoblasts
  • harder than bone
  • composed of collagen and hydroxyapatite
  • formed throughout life and produced in response to injury
47
Q

Cementum (3)

A
  • produced by cementoblasts
  • like bone in structure and composition
  • cemetocytes located in lacunae within the cementum
48
Q

Name the 5 things involved in brachydont tooth development

A 
enamel organ
inner enamel epithelium
outer enamel epithelium
stellate reticulum
epithelial root sheath
49
Q

Dental papilla

A
  • condensation of mesenchyme

- layer of dental papilla cells adjacent to ameloblasts differentiates into odontoblasts that form dentin of crown

50
Q

Dental sac

A
  • condensation of CT that forms around entire developing tooth
  • gives rise to the cementoblasts of the root, the periodontal ligament, and the alveolar bone
51
Q

Eruption

A
  • process of tooth emergence through the gingiva

- root formation is complete after eruption

52
Q

Structure of hypsodont teeth

A
  • body has no distinct neck or crown
  • entire tooth covered by cementum
  • root confined to short area w/ no enamel
  • enamel crests are ridges formed on occlusal surface
53
Q

Development of hypsodont teeth

A
  • enamel organ collapses before tooth eruption

- in continuously growing teeth, enamel, dentin, and cementum formation continues for life of tooth

Organology Exam 2 (4 decks)

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