Digestive System III

Question 0

Define and recognize a lobule, hepatocyte and portal triad.

Answer 0

Lobule: structural and functional unit of the liver

Hepatocyte: Individual liver cell

Portal Triad: grouping of hepatic portal vein, common hepatic artery and common hepatic duct at the periphery of the lobule

Question 1

List three functions of the liver.

Answer 1

1. Makes bile
2. Stores excess nutrients
3. Synthesizes blood plasma proteins

Question 2

Why does the liver receive blood from veins? Does it also receive blood high in oxygen? From which arteries? Do the venous and arterial blood mix? Where?

Answer 2

To absorb nutrients; Yes; Common Hepatic Artery; Sinusoid Capillaries

Question 3

Trace the pathway of all blood entering and leaving the liver.

Answer 3

Hepatic Portal Vein carries blood to liver from SI

Hepatic arteries(L/R) branch from celiac trunk and bring O2 rich blood

Arterial and Venous blood mix in the hepatic sinusoids as it passes through the lobules

Central vein of each lobule drains the blood and merge to the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava

Question 4

What is the purpose of bile?

Answer 4

Bile emulsifies lipids

Question 5

Where is bile made?

Answer 5

In the liver

Question 6

What are the causes and symptoms of cirrhosis?

Answer 6

Causes: Alcoholism and hepatitis

Symptoms: Jaundice, edema of the abdomen, elevated toxins in the blood, and increased fatigue

Question 7

For digestion, are we more concerned witht he endocrine or exocrine functions of the pancreas? Which cells make pancreatic juice? What is the function of pancreatic juice?

Answer 7

Exocrine; Acinar cells; regulates pH levels and helps digest proteins, carbs and lipids

Question 8

How does the juice get to the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

Answer 8

via the Main Pancreatic Duct

Question 9

For general metabolism do we need to consider the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 9

Yes, because it regulates blood glucose

Question 10

Trace the pathway of bile from hepatocytes to secretion into the duodenum.

Answer 10

Hepatocyte > bile canaliculi > bile duct at portal triad > common bile duct > common hepatic duct > cystic duct > gallbladder > cystic duct > common bile duct > hepatopancreatic ampulla > duodenum

Question 11

What is the function of the gallbladder? Where do gallstones come from? How is this condition treated?

Answer 11

Store and concentrate bile; condensation of cholesterol, calcium, or bile salts in the gallbladder; Treatment: removal

Question 12

What are the reflexes involved in waste elimination?

Answer 12

Gastroileal reflex and gastrocolic reflex

Question 13

What three types of muscular action are involved in waste movement in the colon?

Answer 13

1. Weak peristalsis
2. Haustral churning
3. Mass movement

Question 14

Name two conditions for which a low-fiber diet and low amounts of exercise may be a causative factor.

Answer 14

Constipation and colorectal cancer

Question 15

What might be going wrong in the large intestine during diarrhea and constipation (opposite actions)?

Answer 15

too much or too little absorption of water

Question 16

If blood in the feces is dark red/maroon color, is it possibly a symptom of a hemorrhoid? Of colorectal cancer?

Answer 16

No; yes

Question 17

What is a polyp?

Answer 17

An outgrowth of the colon mucosa