Digestive System part 2 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
- What does the salivary glands secrete?
A
• Saliva
2
Q
- What is the function of the salivary glands
A
Moisten and bind food particles, begins carbo digestion, & acts as a solvent to dissolve food chemicals (necessary to taste), & clean mouth and teeth
3
Q
- What are the 2 types of cells in salivary glands?
A
• Mucous and serous
4
Q
- Which cell type secretes amylase?
A
• Serous
5
Q
- What does amylase do?
A
• Digestive enzyme that splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides
6
Q
- Which cell type secretes mucus?
A
• Mucous
7
Q
- What does mucus do?
A
• Thick, stringy liquid that binds food and acts as lubricant during swallowing
8
Q
- What are the 3 major glands in salivary glands?
A
Parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands
9
Q
- Which major gland is also known as submaxilary?
A
• Submandibular
10
Q
- Which major gland is the smallest and found on floor of mouth under tongue and secretes a thick & stringy fluid?
A
• Sublingual glands
11
Q
- Which major gland is the largest and found in front of and below ear and secretes watery fluid containing amylase?
A
• Parotid
12
Q
- Which major gland is located on inside surface of jaw in floor of mouth and secretes a more viscous fluid than the parotid glands?
A
• Submandibular (submaxilary)
13
Q
- The pharynx connects what 2 cavities with what 2 things?
A
• Connects nasal and oral cavity with larynx and esophagus
14
Q
- What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
A
• Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
15
Q
- How long is the esophagus?
A
• 25 cm
16
Q
- What is scattered throughout the esophagus to keep inner lining moist?
A
• Mucous glands
17
Q
- What type of fibers are located in the esophagus?
A
• Circular muscle
18
Q
- Why do the fibers in the esophagus contract?
A
• To prevent regurgitation
19
Q
- When do the fibers in the esophagus relax and why?
A
• When peristaltic waves reach stomach to allow food to enter
20
Q
- What is the stomach shaped as?
A
• J
21
Q
- What is the capacity of the stomach?
A
• 1 liter
22
Q
- The stomach is lined with thick folds called what?
A
• Rugae
23
Q
- What is the function of the stomach?
A
• Receive food, mix it with gastric juice, initiate digestion of proteins, absorb some nutrients, and move food into small intestine
24
Q
- What are the 4 regions of the stomach?
A
• Cardiac, fundic, body, pyloric
25
30. Which portion of the stomach is the main part?
• Body
26
31. Which portion of the stomach are balloons above cardiac region and is temporary storage area?
• Fundic
27
32. Which portion of the stomach narrows and becomes pyloric canal?
• Pyloric
28
33. What is the thickening of muscular wall at end of canal?
• Pyloric sphincter
29
34. What does the thickening of the muscular wall prevent?
• Regurgitation from small intestine
30
35. What are the 3 gastric secretions and what do they secrete?
• Mucous-mucus; chief-pepsinogen (inactive); parietal-HCl and intrinsic factor
31
36. What changes pepsinogen into pepsin?
• HCl
32
37. What helps absorb vitamin B-12 from small intestine?
• Intrinsic factor
33
38. What is viscous and alkaline to coat and protect inner stomach wall from pepsin digesting the proteins of its wall?
• Mucus
34
39. What is a protein-splitting enzyme?
• Pepsin
35
40. What are 5 things the stomach can absorb?
• Water, glucose, certain salts, alcohol, various lipid-soluble drugs
36
41. What is a semi-fluid paste of food and gastric juices and is pushed towards pyloric region?
• Chyme
37
42. What rate depends on at which food empties to small intestine?
• Fluidity of chyme and type of food
38
43. What is the order of substances that the stomach digests?
• Carbos, proteins, fats
39
44. How long does it take to digest?
• 3-6 hrs
40
45. The pancreas serves as what 2 glands?
• Endocrine and exocrine
41
46. Which gland in the pancreas releases hormones?
• Endocrine
42
47. Which gland in the pancreas secretes digestive juice?
• Exocrine
43
48. The pancreas is an elongated, flattened organ that is posterior to what?
• Stomach
44
50. What type of cells are in the pancreas?
• Acinar
45
51. What do the cells in the pancreas produce?
• Pancreatic juice
46
52. What is the pancreatic juice capable of digesting?
• Carbos, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids
47
53. What splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides?
• Pancreatic amylase
48
54. What breaks triglycerides into 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol?
• Pancreatic lipase
49
55. What splits bonds of amino acids into proteins?
• Proteinases
50
56. What are 3 kinds of proteinases?
• Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
51
57. the proteinases are all secreted in their inactive form until they reach small intestine where other enzymes do what?
• Activate them
52
58. What breaks nucleic acid molecules into nucleotides?
• Nucleases
53
63. What is a mass of chewed food mixed with saliva rolled into a ball?
• Bolus
54
64. What color is the liver and why?
• Reddish/brown because well supplied with blood vessels
55
65. What is the largest gland in the body?
• Liver
56
66. What are the 5 functions of the liver?
* Metabolizes carbos, lipids, and proteins
* Stores glycogen, vitamins A, D, & B12, and iron
* Filters damaged RBCs and foreign substances from blood
* Detoxificator – alters composition of toxic substances
* Secretes bile
57
67. What color is the bile?
• Yellowish green liquid
58
68. What is bile composed of?
• Water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and electroclytes
59
69. The liver is composed of how many lobes?
• 2
60
70. Which lobe of the liver is larger?
• Right
61
73. What shape is the gallbladder?
• Pear
62
74. How is the gallbladder it attached to surface of liver?
• Cystic duct
63
75. What are the functions of the gall bladder?
* Stores bile between meals
* Concentrates bile
* Releases bile into small intestine
64
76. How is the common bile duct formed?
• By union of hepatic and cystic ducts
65
80. Bile salts are not a digestive enzyme, but aids in what?
• The action of digestive enzymes
66
82. What do bile salts enhance absorption of?
• Fatty acids, certain fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), and cholesterol
67
83. Lack of bile salts can cause what?
• Vitamin deficiencies and lipids to be absorb poorly
68
83. Lack of bile salts can cause what?
• Vitamin deficiencies and lipids to be absorb poorly
69
How long is the small intestine
20-22 feet
70
name the three parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
71
Which of the three parts is the first in the small intestine
duodenum
72
how long is the duodenum
25 cm
73
what is the diameter of the duodenum
5 cm
74
what is the shape of the duodenum
c-shaped
75
which of the three portions in the small intestine is the most fixed
duodenum
76
which two parts of the small intestine lie free and are suspended from posterior abdominal wall
jejunum and ileum
77
what is mesentary
a supportive tissue that is a double-layered fold of peritoneum, containing blood vessels. nerves and lymphatic vessels
78
which of the three parts of the small intestine is larger in diameter, has a thicker mroe vascular wall and is more active than the ileum
jejunum
79
What type of appearance does the intestinal villi give
velvety
80
which two parts in the SI have the most intestinal villi
duodenum and front portion of the jejunum
81
what is the job of intestinal villi
increase surface area and absorb digestive products
82
Where are intestinal glands found
between bases of villi
83
epithelial cells have what kind of enzymes
digestive
84
what is the job of peptidases
splits proteins in to amino acids
85
sucrase, maltase, and lactase split disaccarides into what
monosaccharides
86
what is the most important absorbing organ of the alimentary canal
Small intestine
87
what do the villi absorb
water, digestive products and electrolytes
88
what are monosaccharides absorbed by
diffusion, active transport and facilitated diffusion
89
what are amino acids absorbed by
active transport
90
what are fats absorbed by
diffusion
91
how long does it take nutrients to move through the small intestine
3-10 hours
92
in the small intestine define mixing
small ring-like contractions that cut chyme into segments
93
in the small intestine define peristalsis
weak waves along with chyme being pushed a short distance, nutrients move slow
94
what is it called when there is an over distention or irritation in the SI wall and it causes feces to pass the entire length of the small intestine and large intestine at rapid pase
strong peristaltic rush
95
what is the ileocecal valve
sphincter muscles between ileum and cecum
96
How long is the large intestine
1.5 meters
97
Why is the large intestine called the large if it is shorter than the SI
it has a larger diameter
98
what are the 4 portions of the large intestine
1. cecum
2. colon
3. rectum
4. anal canal
99
what are the four parts of the colon
1. ascending
2. transverse
3. descending
4. sigmoid
100
which of the four portions of the Large intestine is the first part
cecum
101
what is the vermiform appendix
a narrow close ended tube that projects downward of the cecum and has no digestive function
102
where does the rectum end
5 cm below the tip of the coccyx
103
how long is the anal portion of the large intestine
2.5-4 cm
104
What are the two sphincter muscles that guard the anus
internal and external
105
which of the two anal sphincter muscles is composed of smooth muscle and is involuntary
internal
106
which of the two anal sphincter muscles is composed of skeletal muscle and has voluntary control
external
107
which of the two anal sphincter muscles is composed of skeletal muscle and has voluntary control
external
108
Name the functions of the large intestine
1. little to no digestive function
2. front half reabsorbs water and electrolytes from chyme
3. back half stores remaining substances as feces
109
what is the only secretion in the large intestine
mucous
110
what does the mucus in the large intestine do
1. protects wall from abraisive material passing through
2. holds fecal mater
3. controls pH of large intestine contents
111
how often does peristalsis in the large intestine occur
2-3 times a day
112
what are feces composed of?
undigested/unabsorbed material, 75%water, electrolytes, mucus and bacteria
