Digestive System Part 4 Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are the main ducts of the gallbladder and their roles?
Cystic duct: Connects the gallbladder to the hepatic duct.
Hepatic duct: Carries bile from the liver.
Common bile duct: Formed by the cystic and hepatic ducts, it delivers bile to the duodenum.
What are the divisions of the colon?
The colon is divided into:
Ascending colon: Moves upward.
Transverse colon: Crosses the abdomen.
Descending colon: Moves downward.
Sigmoid colon: S-shaped terminal section leading to the rectum.
What are the common triggers of IBS?
IBS can be triggered by stress, certain foods (e.g., dairy, caffeine, spicy foods), or hormonal changes.
What are the types of hepatitis, and how are they transmitted?
Hepatitis A: Fecal-oral route.
Hepatitis B: Blood/body fluids.
Hepatitis C: Blood transfusions, sharing needles.
What is the pancreatic duct’s function?
The pancreatic duct carries digestive enzymes from the pancreas to the duodenum to aid in digestion.
What are the symptoms of GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)?
Symptoms include heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, difficulty swallowing, and chronic cough.
What is the primary cause of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
Most cases are caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the prolonged use of NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).
What is the role of the cecum in digestion?
The cecum absorbs fluids and salts from undigested food and connects to the appendix.
Name three key functions of the liver.
Produces bile for fat digestion.
Detoxifies harmful substances.
Stores vitamins and glycogen.
What are the three parts of the small intestine, and what are their roles?
Duodenum: Receives chyme and digestive juices.
Jejunum: Main site for nutrient absorption.
Ileum: Absorbs vitamins like B12 and bile salts, transferring undigested material to the large intestine.
What are the functions of the rectum and anus?
The rectum stores feces until defecation. The anus is the opening controlled by sphincters that expel waste.
How does the liver contribute to blood clotting?
The liver produces clotting factors like prothrombin and fibrinogen, essential for forming blood clots.
What is pyloric stenosis?
Pyloric stenosis is the narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, blocking food from entering the small intestine, often causing vomiting and weight loss in infants.
What are the symptoms of diverticulitis?
Symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, bloating, nausea, and changes in bowel habits.
What does the epiglottis do during swallowing?
The epiglottis folds down to cover the trachea, preventing food or liquid from entering the airway.
What is bile made of?
Bile contains bile salts, cholesterol, water, and waste products like bilirubin, aiding in fat digestion.
What are common symptoms of cirrhosis?
Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, easy bruising, swelling (edema), and confusion in severe cases.
How do antacids differ from PPIs?
Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid quickly for short-term relief.
PPIs: Suppress acid production long-term by blocking acid pumps in stomach cells.
What are the layers of the peritoneum?
Parietal peritoneum: Lines the abdominal wall.
Visceral peritoneum: Covers the abdominal organs.
What is the difference between melena and hematochezia?
Melena: Dark, tarry stool from upper GI bleeding.
Hematochezia: Bright red blood in stool from lower GI bleeding.
What do H2 blockers do?
H2 blockers reduce stomach acid secretion by blocking histamine receptors in the stomach lining.
What is obstipation?
Obstipation is severe constipation, often caused by an intestinal blockage.
