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Anatomy Test 3 > Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first sphincter in the digestive tract?

A

the mouth (orbicularis oris)

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2
Q

how does the mouth contribute to the process of digestion?

A
  1. mechanical digestion (mastication)
  2. chemical digestion (saliva)
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3
Q

where is salvia secreted from?

A

salivary glands

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4
Q

name the salivary glands

A
  1. submandibular
  2. sublingual
  3. parotid
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5
Q

name the innervations for the salivary glands

A
  1. submandibular and sublingual = CN7
  2. parotid = CN 9
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6
Q

muscles of mastication are innervated by what?

A

CN 5

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7
Q

what nerves are responsible for taste?

A

CN 7, 9, and 10

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8
Q

what nerves are responsible for the somatosensory function of the tongue?

A

CN 5

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9
Q

what does the somatosensory function of the tongue include?

A
  1. touch
  2. tactile sensation
  3. pain
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10
Q

what is the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

a thickening of the proximal esophageal wall

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11
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

thickening of distal esophagel wall + respiratroy diaphragm crura

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12
Q

what is the role of the lower esophagel sphincter?

A

prevent backflow of stomach acid to the esophagus

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13
Q

name the sections of the stomach

A
  1. cardiac
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyloric regions
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14
Q

muscular wall of the stomach is made up of ___ layers

A
  1. circular muscle
  2. longitudinal muscle
  3. transverse muscle
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15
Q

what are the ridges in the stomach muscle wall called?

A

rugae

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16
Q

what does the stomach secrete and why?

A

gastric juice = chemical digestion of proteins

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17
Q

what is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

A

regulate flow of chyme into small intestine

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18
Q

the pyloric sphincter regulates flow from the stomach into which portion of the SI?

A

duodenum

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19
Q

name the parts of the SI

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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20
Q

what is the role of the SI?

A

primary site of absorption for water and nutrients (~90% of all absorption)

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21
Q

what is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

a sphincter that controls the digestive juices from the liver and pancreas into the duodenum

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22
Q

role of pancreatic juice in the duodenum

A
  1. digests large molecules
  2. buffer the stomach acid that has entered the SI
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23
Q

what does the liver secrete into the duodenum?

A

Bile

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24
Q

what is the role of Bile?

A

digests fat globs into lipid droplets

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25
what is the duodenal flexure?
a sudden right angle at the end of the duodenum
26
what is the role of the duodenal flexure?
it is associated with a suspensory muscle which allows it to change the flow from the duodenum to the jejunum
27
how would you describe the lumen of the SI?
modified for increased SA * circular fold (plicae) * projections/villi * brush border/microvilli
28
what connects the SI to the LI?
ileocecal sphincter
29
name the sections of the LI
1. cecum/appendix 2. ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. sigmoid colon
30
what is the role of LI?
1. last 10% of absorption of water 2. bacterial digestion = absorption of vitamins and minerals
31
last stop of the GI after the LI?
rectum/anus
32
role of the rectum/anus
feces accumulation and defecation
33
name the sphincters at the anus/rectum
1. internal anal sphincter 2. external anal sphincter
34
differentiate between the internal/external anal sphincter
1. internal = smooth muscle and involuntary 2. external = pelvic diaphragm (puborectalis) - skeletal muscle so it is voluntary
35
the blood flow in the digestive tract can be broken down into what 2 planes?
1. Anterior midline plane = 3 _unpaired_ arteries to viscera 2. lateral plane = 4 _paired_ arteries to viscera
36
Name the 3 unpaired arteries that make up the anterior midline plane
1. Celiac Trunk 2. Superior mesenteric artery 3. Inferior mesenteric artery
37
what does the Celiac Trunk supply blood to?
1. stomach 2. spleen 3. pancreas 4. liver 5. proximal duodenum
38
what does the Superior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to?
1. distal duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum 4. cecum 5. ascending colon 6. 1/2 of transverse colon
39
what does the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to?
1. 1/2 transverse colon (distal) 2. descending colon 3. sigmoid colon 4. rectum 5. proximal anus (above pectinate line)
40
what do all the structures supplied by the celiac, and S/I mesenteric arteries drain into?
Hepatic portal vein
41
What arteries are in the lateral plane?
1. inferior phrenic 2. suprarenal 3. renal 4. gonadal
42
what does the inferior phrenic artery supply?
inferior diaphragm
43
what do the suprarenal arteries supply?
adrenal glands
44
what do the renal arteries supply?
Kindeys
45
what is the hepatic portal vein?
a large venous system that drains directly into the liver
46
what does the liver do to blood in the hepatic portal vein?
1. takes glucose out of the blood and stores it 2. detoxifies the blood
47
T/F: the sugar removed from the blood at the liver is stored to sustain us between meals?
TRUE
48
how would liver disease affect venous blood flow in the hepatic portal vein?
liver BP would increase = backflow into portal system =portal system shunts to azygous and inferior mesenteric veins =high volumes of blood in those veins can result in hemmorrhoids
49
the lateral plane (paired arteries) will not drain to the hepatic portal vein. Instead they drain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
into veins with corresponding names these eventually drain into the inferior vena cava
50
describe lymph flow in the digestive tract
* lymph capillaries in cavity and organ * lymp vessels * lymph nodes * cisterna chyli * thoracic duct * left angle between jugular and subclavian veins
51
what is the enteric nervous system?
the gut tube's own endogenous nervous system
52
what does the enteric nervous system allow the gut tube to do?
continue to contract and secrete even after being removed from the body
53
what are the components of the enteric nervous system?
1. submucosal plexus 2. myenteric plexus
54
what is the role of submucosal plexus?
controls secretion from the glands in the mucosa
55
what is the role of myenteric plexus?
controls contraction of the circular and longitudinal muscles
56
What regulates the activity of the enteric nervous system?
the automonic nervous system (ANS)
57
how does PNS input impact the digestive tract?
increases secretion and contraction
58
what is the main PNS input to the digestive tract from?
CN 10
59
how does SNS input impact the digestive tract?
decreases contraction and secretion
60
describe the layers of the gut tube
1. lumen surface 2. muscular wall 3. adventitia 4. visceral peritoneum
61
sympathetic input to the abdominal organs come from what sources?
1. chain (paravertebral) ganglia 2. prevertebral ganglia (unpaired sympathetic ganglia)
62
what are the chain (paravertebral) ganglia?
come from lateral horns of T1-L2 extend from cervical to sacral vertebral cord bilaterally
63
what are the prevertebral ganglia (unpaired sympathetic ganglia)?
associated ganglia with the aorta names fro blood vessels comming off the aorta they are close too
64
Name the prevertebral ganglia
1. celiac 2. aorticorenal 3. superior mesenteric 4. inferior mesenteric
65
what are plexi in the abdominal region?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
66
name the plexi in the abdominal region
1. celiac plexus 2. superior mesenteric plexus 3. inferior mesenteric plexus 4. superior hypogastric plexus 5. inferior hypogastric plexus
67
what are splanchnic nerves?
sympathetic nerves that connect: * spinal cord to chain ganglia * sympathetic chain ganglia to prevertebral ganglia and plexi
68
name the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity
1. parietal pertioneum 2. viseral peritoneum 3. peritoneal cavity 4. retroperitoneal
69
how is visceral peritoneum formed?
lining of the peritoneum is folded around abdominal organs. the base of fold binds the organ to the posterior abdominal wall and contains nerves, blood, and lymph vessels
70
What are the prominent peritoneal folds we need to know?
1. mesentery 2. mesocolon 3. falciform ligament 4. lesser omentum 5. greater omentum
71
what is the mesentery?
peritonel fold that attaches small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
72
what is the mesocolon?
peritoneal fold that attaches large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
73
what is the falciform ligament?
peritoneal fold that attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
74
what is the lesser omentum?
peritoneal fold that attaches stomach and duodenum to liver
75
what is found in the lesser omentum?
portal triad/liver hylus
76
what is the greater omentum?
peritoneal fold that attaches stomach, duodenum, and colon
77
where is there a pectinate line in the GI tract?
at the anal canal
78
describe sensory/innervation and blood supply superior to the pectinate line
* visceral innervations (involuntary motor, unconscious sensory) * inferior mesenteric artery/portal venous drainage
79
describe sensory/innervation and blood supply inferior to the pectinate line
* somatic (voluntary motor, conscious sensory = pain) innervations * internal illiac artery and caval venous drainage * bypasses the portal system
80
Name the accessory organs in the digestive tract
1. Spleen 2. Pancreas 3. Liver 4. Gallbladder, and Bile ducts
81
where is the spleen located?
superior left quadrant within the rib cage posterior to stomach anterior to diaphram
82
What is the function of the spleen?
lymphatic organ remove/recycle old RBCs act as blood reservoir
83
where is the pancreas located?
retroperitoneal superior right and left quadrants
84
what is the function of the pancreas?
1. endocrine organ 2. exocrine organ
85
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
secretes pancreatic jucie (which contains buffer and digestive enzymes) into duodenum
86
how does pancreatic juice enter the duodenum?
hepatopancreatic ampulla duct
87
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood
88
which pancreatic hormone is anabolic?
insulin glucoagon is catabolic
89
how is the pancreas connected to the duodenum?
1. pancreatic duct and sphincter 2. accessory pancreatic duct
90
the main pancreatic duct is also called what?
1. hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater) 2. hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)
91
where is the liver located?
largest gland second largest organ located inthe superior R/L quadrants
92
what are the functions of the liver?
1. Digestion 2. Excretion 3. glucose storage 4. blood detoxification 5. production/secretion of plasma proteins 6. calcium homeostasis
93
what does the liver excrete?
1. bile acid and salts 2. cholesterole 3. bilirubin
94
where is the gallbladder located?
upper R quadrant, visceral surface of liver right lobe in right sagittal fissure
95
gallbladder and bile duct function
store, concentrate, and convey bile from liver to duodenum
96
where is the anal canal located?
perineum in an triangle of the pevic diaphragm
97
what are the attachments of the anal canal?
1. anococcygeal ligament 2. central point of the perineum = peroneal body 3. external sphincter is blended into the levator ani, puborectalis, of the pelvic diaphragm
98

Anatomy Test 3 (6 decks)

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