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Digestive Tract Anatomy Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 4 types of digestive tracts?

A
  1. monogastric
  2. nonruminant herbivore
  3. modified monogastric/avian
  4. ruminant
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2
Q

what is the first part of every digestive tract?

A

mouth/beak!

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3
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

the type of contraction that propels food to the stomach from the esophagus and other places

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4
Q

give 4 animals with a monogastric digestive tract

A
  1. cat
  2. dog
  3. pig
  4. human
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5
Q

which monogastric animal has the shortest digestive tract?

A

cats because of their highly digestible diet

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6
Q

list the flow of the monogastric digestive system (1-6)

A
  1. mouth
  2. esophagus
  3. stomach
  4. small intestine
  5. large intestine
  6. anus
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7
Q

what 3 things happen in the mouth of a monogastric?

A
  1. prehension: obtaining food
  2. mastication: breaking down large feed components mechanically
  3. small amount of chemical digestion due to salivary enzymes
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8
Q

what does the espophagus do in all animals?

A

is just a tube to transport food from mouth to stomach through peristalsis

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9
Q

what happens in the stomach of a monogastric?

A

chemical digestion begins as gastric juices that contain HCl frop the pH

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10
Q

what does the acidity of the monogastric stomach do?

A

kills most microbes

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11
Q

what is the longest part of the digestive tract?

A

the small intestine

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12
Q

what 2 things happen in the small intestine?

A
  1. chemical digestion

2. absorption

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13
Q

why does so much happen in the small intestine?

A

it is longer so there is more time and space for digestion

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14
Q

give 3 organs that contribute to the action of the small intestine and what they do

A
  1. pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum
  2. gallbladder: secretes bile into the duodenum
  3. liver synthesizes the bile that is secreted by the pancreas
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15
Q

where does absorption occur in the small intestine?

A

along the brush border

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16
Q

what is the brush border? what does it do? what animals have it?

A

the combination of glycocalyx and microvilli that increases surface area, providing lots of space for nutrient absorption; found in all animals

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17
Q

what are the villi of the small intestine lined with that contributes to the brush border?

A

simple columnar epithelium, with microvilli that are projections on the apical surface of those epithelial cells

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18
Q

what are and where are glycocalyx found?

A

net-like projections on the microvilli

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19
Q

give the 3 parts of the large intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. colon
  3. rectum
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20
Q

what is and what does the cecum of the large intestine do?

A

blind pouch at the junction of the ileum and colon that does microbial fermentation in SOME species

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21
Q

what does the colon of the large intestine do?

A

water absorption

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22
Q

what does the rectum of the large intestine do?

A

formation of feces

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23
Q

what is the anus?

A

the outer opening of the digestive tract

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24
Q

give the order of the modified monogastric/avian digestive tract (8)

A
  1. mouth/beak
  2. esophagus
  3. crop
  4. proventriculus
  5. gizzard
  6. small intestine
  7. large intestine
  8. cloaca
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25
what is different about the avian/modified monogastric mouth?
is a beak, so no teeth meaning no mastication occurs in the mouth
26
describe the esophagus in a modified monogastric/avian tract
widens into the crop then reforms so food can travel to the proventriculus
27
what are the 2 functions of the crop in a modified monogastric?
1. storage (can palpate to see if bird has eaten) | 2. moistening of food
28
what happens in the proventriculus of modified monogastric?
chemical digestion begins
29
what happens in the gizzard of a modified monogastric? how?
mechanical digestion! it is alrge and muscular, and birds swallow grit that gathers there and grinds the food bc no teeth
30
what happens in the small intestine of a modified monogastric?
same as with monogastric, chemical digestion and absorption
31
what is different about the large intestine of modified monogastrics? (2)
1. they have two, paired ceca | 2. no rectum to really form the feces
32
what is the cloaca of a modified monogastric?
outer opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, one stop shop, all comes out together
33
what is the only point of difference between monogastrics and ruminants?
the stomach
34
what are the 4 stomach compartments of a ruminant?
reticulum, rumen, abomasum, omasum
35
where does food enter the stomach in a ruminant?
at the junction between the reticulum and the rumen (enters both at the same time so neither is really first)
36
what does the reticulum do?
traps foreign material
37
what is the most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach?
the reticulum
38
what is often done to the reticulum and why?
a magnet is often placed there to prevent metal from puncturing the wall into the diaphragm and causing pericarditis
39
what is the largest compartment of the ruminant stomach and where is it located?
the rumen; takes up the majority of the left side of the abdomen
40
what happens in the rumen?
microbial fermentation to utilize highly fibrous feeds
41
what kind of relationship do rumen microbes have with ruminants?
commensal
42
where is the omasum found?
between the reticulum and the rumen
43
describe the 2 functions of the omasum
1. filters by particle size; if too large or not fully microbially fermented will get pushed back for more 2. SOME water absorption
44
what occurs in the abomasum?
chemical digestion; similar to the monogastric stomach
45
what does the acidity of the abomasum do?
kills any remaining microbes
46
what are the 3 advantages to a ruminant digestive tract compared to monogastric?
1. can uitlize fibrous feeds 2. microbes can synthesize amino acids and microbial protein (not the same quality tho) 3. microbes synthesize vitamin K and ALL B vitamins, so those don't need to be included in the diet
47
what are 2 disadvantages of a ruminant digestive tract compared to a monogastric?
1. loss of energy from heat and gas production by microbes (gases are carbon based so loss of carbon as well) 2. conversion of dietary protein to microbial protein can reduce protein quality by altering amino acid composition
48
what are the 2 types of nonruminant herbivores?
1. foregut fermenters | 2. hindgut fermenters
49
describe foregut fermenters
have an extra stomach compartment for microbial fermentation
50
is there any domestic species who is a foregut fermenter?
nope
51
give 3 animals that are foregut fermenters
1. kangaroos 2. wallaby 3. sloths
52
what are the 2 types of hindgut fermenters?
1. colon fermenters | 2. cecal fermenters
53
describe colon hindgut fermenters
have an enlarged colon for microbial fermentation
54
what kinds of animals are colon fermenters?
horses/all equids
55
what are the 2 disadvantages of being a colon fermenter?
1. products of fermentation are not as available to the animal because fermentation occurs after the site of absorption 2. less efficient because microbes have a lower quality product to work with since digestion has already occurred (compared to ruminants where microbes see everything first so have lots of substrate to work with)
56
what is the advantage of being a colon fermenter?
higher rate of passage through tract (compared to ruminants whose food can sit up to 48 hours)
57
describe cecal fermenters?
have an enlarged cecum for microbial fermentation
58
give 3 animals that are cecal fermenters
1. rabbits 2. guinea pigs 3. squirrels
59
list and describe the 2 types of feces that cecal fermenters excrete
1. hard feces: the normal feces | 2. soft feces: from the colon and consumed directly from the anus (coprophagy)
60
why do cecal fermenters practice copraphagy?
to make the products of their cecal fermentation more readily available to the animal

Nutrition (19 decks)

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