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Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

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1
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic elements required as nutrients

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2
Q

what are the 2 kinds of minerals?

A

micro: trace minerals, only required in small amounts in the diet
macro: required in larger amounts in the diet

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3
Q

why do you have to be careful with minerals and diets?

A

the mineral composition of a diet (plant based) will vary greatly depending on the mineral composition of the soil the feedstuff was grown in

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4
Q

with minerals, which is more common: deficiency or toxicity?

A

deficiency

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5
Q

is calcium a macro or a micro mineral?

A

macro mineral

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6
Q

what are the 3 functions of calcium?

A
  1. second messenger
    2, enzyme activation
  2. bone mineralization
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7
Q

describe calcium’s function as a second messenger

A

the first message in intracellular signalling is something binding to a receptor, then calcium causes a second message resulting in an action (ex. muscle contraction)

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8
Q

describe calcium’s function in enzyme activation

A

calcium activates many factors in the clotting cascade

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9
Q

describe calcium’s function in bone mineralization

A

calcium is a major part of the mineral form of bone

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10
Q

what are the 2 signs of a calcium deficiency? what calcium function is this related to?

A

impaired nerve and muscle function; related to calcium’s role as a second messenger

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11
Q

is milk fever caused by a calcium deficiency?

A

no!! it is caused by impaired calcium mobilization, not deficiency

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12
Q

in what form is phosphorous found in the body?

A

phosphate

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13
Q

is phosphate a micro or macro mineral?

A

macro mineral

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14
Q

give 8 of the functions of phosphate (there’s a fuck ton)

A
  1. bone mineralization
  2. oxidative phosphorylation
  3. acid-base buffer
  4. DNA and RNA (phosphpdiester bonds)
  5. phospholipids
  6. signaling molecules
  7. reversible modification of proteins
  8. enzymatic reactions
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15
Q

in what ares are phosphorous deficiencies common?

A

in areas where the soil is also low in phosphorous

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16
Q

what is the disease caused by phosphorous deficiency called? describe

A

pica; animals seek out non-nutritious feeds trying to obtain minerals (like wood or bone)

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17
Q

describe the concept of a Ca:P ratio

A

each species has its own, usually about 2:1; if a feed has calcium but not phosphorous, phosphorous will be excreted and vice versa

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18
Q

what causes rickets?

A

a deficiency of Ca, P or vitamin D, or a combo of defiencies of these

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19
Q

what is the symptom of rickets?

A

spongy, poorly mineralized bone, will see bow-leggedness

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20
Q

what is rickets called in adults?

A

osteomalacia

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21
Q

is magnesium a macro or micro nutrient?

A

macro

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22
Q

what are the 5 functions of magnesium

A
  1. anion charge neutralization
  2. cellular energy metabolism: cofactor
  3. nucleic acid and protein synthesis: cofactor for transcription and translation
  4. second messenger
  5. ion channels
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23
Q

describe magnesium’s function in anion charge neutralization

A

ADP and ATP are charged, magnesium neutralizes

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24
Q

describe magnesium’s function in ion channels

A

the sodium/potassium ATPase pump requires magnesium

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25
what are the symptoms of a magnesium deficiency?
1. grass tetany 2. convulsions 3. muscle twitching
26
when is grass tetany a high risk and why?
for animals on low-magnesium pastures in the spring while grass is growing; this is because the growing grass is high in ammonia which binds the magnesium and makes it unavailable, causes Mg deficiency
27
whata re the 3 electrolyte minerals?
1. sodium 2. potassium 3. chloride
28
are electrolytes micro or macro nutrients?
macro
29
describe the lumping of electrolytes and who is responsible for the most function
are lumped because they are very similar, but sodium is responsible for most of the known functions
30
whata re the 3 functions of electrolytes?
1. nutrient transport (sodium dependent amino acid transporters and the sodium/potassium pump allows transport of most water-soluble vitamins) 2. membrane potentials (all 3 do this) 3. maintain extracellular fluid volume (also mainly sodium, when sodium is high things leave cells and enter blood stream so blood pressure is also high)
31
whata re the 3 symptoms of electrolyte deficiency?
1. irregular heart beat (due to membrane potential change) 2. vomiting 3. diarrhea
32
describe ease of developing electrolyte deficiency
very easy to do, especially if losing a lot of fluid
33
is iodine a macro or micro nutrient?
micro, don't need to supply in large amounts
34
what is the function of iodine?
thyroid hormone synthesis, which is then responsible for regulation of all metabolism
35
what is the symptom caused by iodine deficiency? describe
goiter, or enlargement of thyroid as partial thyroid hormone builds up, since not fully synthesized due to lack of iodine cannot be secreted
36
what is the inactive form of thyroid hormone?
T4, has 4 iodines
37
what is the active form of thyroid hormone?
T3, has three iodines
38
what is needed besides iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis?
tyrosine
39
is selenium a macro or micro nutrient?
micro
40
what is the function of selenium?
synthesis of selenoproteins
41
what are 4 selenoproteins?
1. glutathione peroxidases 2. deioinases 3. selenoprotein P 4. selenoprotein W
42
what is the function of glutathione peroxidases, synthesized from selenium?
antioxidants that remove hydrogen peroxide from the body to avoid damage
43
what is the function of deiodinases, synthesized by selenium?
remove an iodine from T4 to make the active T3 thyroid hormone
44
where is selenoprotein P found?
in plasma
45
where is selenoprotein M found?
in muscle
46
is there a broad range of acceptable selenium levels? what does this mean?
very narrow range, so there are lots of issues with both toxicity and deficiencies
47
what are the symptoms of selenium toxicity? (3)
1. blind staggers 2. abnormal hoof growth 3. abnormal hair growth
48
what are the symptoms of selenium deficiency? (2)
1. white muscle disease | 2. liver necrosis
49
what else does iron need for storage and transport in the body? why?
must be bound to proteins to avoid binding to oxygen, which would be bad bc can't use then
50
how is iron stored?
bound to ferritin in the liver
51
how is iron transported?
bound to transferrin
52
what are the 2 functions of iron?
1. heme protein synthesis | 2. proteins with iron-sulfur centers
53
what are 3 heme proteins from iron? give functions
1. hemoglobin: oxygen storage in blood 2. myoglobin: oxygen storage in muscle 3. catalase: antioxidant
54
what is a non-heme protein, or a protein with a iron-sulfur center from iron?
aconitase
55
what is the symptom of iron deficiency?
anemia as a result of decreasedoxygen in the blood
56
give the 3 metal minerals
1. zinc 2. copper 3. manganese
57
what are the 3 functions of zinc?
1. formation of zinc metalloenzymes 2. zinc-finger proteins 3. lymphocytes somehow
58
what are the 2 zinc metalloenzymes?
1. aminopeptidase (for protein digestion) | 2. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
59
what are zinc finger proteins?
folding pattern of proteins around zinc, serve as transcription factors
60
what are the 2 symptoms of a zinc deficiency?
1. decreased growth | 2. dermatitis
61
what are the 4 functions of copper?
1. copper metalloenzymes 2. neutrophils and T lymphocytes 3. iron metabolism 4. bone and vascular function
62
give the copper metalloenzyme and function
cytochrome C oxidase for electron transport
63
describe how copper is necessary for iron metabolism
ceruloplasmin allows for iron to bind to transferrin
64
how is copper necessary for bone and vascular function?
collagen synthesis: requires copper for bone | elastin requires copper for vascular function, especially in the aorta
65
what are the 7 symptoms of a copper deficiency?
1. anemia 2. hair depigmentation 3. reduced growth 4. aortic rupture 5. abnormal bone formation 6. ataxia 7. GI disturbance
66
what are the 2 functions of manganese
1. manganese metalloenzymes | 2. cartilage formation
67
what are the 2 manganese metalloenzymes?
1. pyruvate carboxylase | 2. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
68
what are the symptoms of a manganese deficiency? (2)
1. defective bone formation | 2. perosis in poultry (slipped tendon)
69
what are zinc, copper, and manganese all necessary for?
superoxide dismutase synthesis
70
what do superoxide dismutases do?
catalyze reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide
71
once superoxide dismutases convert free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide, what happens to removed the H2O2?
glutathione peroxidase (from selenium) and catalase (from iron) then catalyze reactions to convert H2O2 to water and oxygen
72
when is sulfur requried for ruminants?
when there is not adequate adenine and cystine in diet
73
what is the function of sulfur when it is required?
microbial synthesis of sulfur-amino acids in the rumen
74
if sulfur is low in ruminants, what else will be low because of its function?
protein will also be low
75
what are the 2 symptoms of a sulfur deficiency?
1. reduced weight gain | 2. poor wool growth

Nutrition (19 decks)

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