Digestuve system Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
is a series of organs that breaks down food
and liquids into nutrients that the body can
use for energy, growth, and repair.
A
Digestive System
2
Q
is a tube extending from the
mouth to the anus.
A
Digestive Tract
3
Q
are primarily glands located
outside the digestive tract that
secrete fluids into it
A
Accessory Organs
4
Q
Includes tongue, teeth, and salivary
glands.
A
Oral Cavity (Mouth)
5
Q
with the tonsils as accessory organs.
A
Pharynx (Throat)
6
Q
Transports food to stomach.
A
Esophagus
7
Q
Stores and digests food.
A
Stomach
8
Q
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum - digestion and
nutrient absorption.
A
Small Intestine
9
Q
Cecum, colon, rectum - water absorption
and waste elimination.
A
Large Intestine
10
Q
Final section for waste expulsion.
A
Anus
11
Q
Enumerate the digestive Tract
A
- Oral Cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Anus
12
Q
Functions of Digestive system
A
1.Ingestion. 4. Mixing
2.Mastication. 5. Secretion
3.Propulsion. 6. Digestion Mech&Chem
-Swallowing (Deglutition). 7. Absorption
-Peristalsis. 8. Elimination
-Mass Movements
13
Q
Digestion begins with saliva (amylase) for carbohydrates Mastication and swallowing form the bolus.
A
Oral Cavity
14
Q
Swallowing and protection during food
passage.
A
Pharynx
15
Q
Propels food to stomach; prevents acid reflux.
A
Esophagus
16
Q
Storage and mixing of food.
- Starts protein digestion with pepsin and acid.
A
Stomach
17
Q
- Primary site for digestion and absorption.
- Neutralizes stomach acid; enzymes break down food.
A
Small Intestine
18
Q
-Absorbs water, vitamins, and electrolytes.
- Forms and eliminates feces.
A
Large Intestine
19
Q
The digestive tube consists of four major layers
A
- internal mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis
- external serosa or adventia
20
Q
Inner lining composed of:
Mucous Epithelium
Lamina Propria
Muscularis mucosae
A
Mucosa
21
Q
Connective tissue layer with:
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands.
- Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus) for secretion regulation.
A
Submucosa
22
Q
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers.
- Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) for motility control.
*Two muscle layers
A
Muscularis
23
Q
Outermost layer of the digestive tract
A
Serosa or Adventitia
24
Q
Visceral peritoneum in intraperitoneal organs.
A
Serosa
25
**Local control of motility**, secretion, and blood flow. Works independently or with the central nervous system (
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
26
developmental disorder caused by the **absence of
enteric neurons** in the distal large intestine, leading to severe constipation
Hirschsprung disease
27
Operates autonomously to control
digestive motility and secretion.
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
28
**Influences the ENS** via parasympathetic (stimulates) and sympathetic (inhibits) inputs.
CNS
29
How many neurotransmitters are associated with the ENS
Over 30 neurotransmitters
30
Stimulates digestive activity.
Acetylcholine
31
Inhibits digestive activity.
Norepinephrine
32
Stimulates motility; 95% is found in the digestive system
Serotonin
33
is a serous membrane lining
the walls and organs of the abdominal
cavity.
Peritoneum
34
Parts of the Peritoneum
Visceral and Parietal Peritoneum
35
Covers abdominal
organs.
Visceral Peritoneum
36
Lines the abdominal
cavity walls.
Parietal Peritoneum
37
Provides lubrication, reducing
friction during organ movement.
Visceral and Parietal Peritoneum
38
A potentially life-threatening **inflammation of the peritoneal membranes**, often caused by infection, chemical irritation
Peritonitis
39
**Accumulation of fluid** in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
40
Connective tissue layers that **attach abdominal organs to the abdominal wall**, providing a **pathway for vessels and nerves**
Mesentries
41
Types of Mesentries
Greater Omentum. Falciform ligament
Lesser Omentum. Retroperitoneal
Mesocolon. Coronary Ligament
42
A large, **fatty fold** of mesentery hanging
over the intestines, providing mobility and insulation.
Greater Omentum
43
Connects the stomach and duodenum to the
liver.
Lesser Omentum
44
Attaches parts of the colon to the abdominal wall
Mesocolon
45
attaches the liver to
the diaphragm.
Coronary ligament
46
attaches the liver to
the anterior abdominal wall.
falciform ligament
47
**lie along the abdominal wall** and include
the duodenum, pancreas, ascending
colon, descending colon, rectum, kidneys,
adrenal glands, and urinary bladde
Retroperitoneal organs
48
Other abdominal organs that **have no
mesenteries** are referred to as?
Retroperitoneal
49
are muscular structures primarily made up of the **orbicularis oris muscle and connective tissue**, with a thin outer layer of skin that is more transparent than the surrounding skin due to its lower keratinization.
Lips or Labia
50
are **mucosal folds** that **connect the lips to the alveolar processes**of the
upper and lower jaws.
Labial Frenula
51
form the **lateral walls of the oral cavity**, featuring an inner lining of moist epithelium and an
outer skin layer.
Cheeks
52
muscle that helps **flatten the cheeks against the teeth**, and the buccal fat pad, which shapes the face.
Buccinator Muscle
53
separates the oral and nasal cavities. **The roof of the oral cavity**
Palate
54
Two parts of the Palate
*Hard Palate (Anterior Bony)
*Soft Palate (Posterior made of muscle and connective tissue)
55
is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed.
* It is attached at the back and connected to the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenulum at the front
Tongue
56
is essential for moving food during chewing, holding it in place, swallowing, and serving as a key organ for taste and speech.
Tongue
57
play a vital role in chewing (mastication) and speech.
Teeth
58
How many teeth does a typical adult have?
32
59
is the mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth using teeth.
Mastication
60
(incisors and canines) **cut and tear food**
Anterior Teeth
61
**crush and grind it**, increasing the surface area for efficient digestion
Pre molars and molars
62
controlled by the medulla oblongata, **regulates chewing movements through a cycle of muscle relaxation** and contraction stimulated by food
presence.
Mastication reflex
63
are found throughout the oral cavity
Salivary Glands
64
it keeps the mouth moist for speech and taste,
protects against bacterial infection, and begins the digestion process
Saliva
65
It contains **mucin for lubrication, bicarbonate ions to neutralize bacterial acids**, lysozyme for
antibacterial action, and immunoglobulin A for immune defense
Saliva
66
3 parts of the Pharynx
*Nasopharynx
*Oropharynx
*Laryngopharynx
67
are involved in the
transmission of food.
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
68
is a **tubular structure in the digestive tract** that connects the pharynx to the stomach, measuring about 25 cm in length.
*Located in Mediastinum
Esophagus
69
Three phases of Swallowing
Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal
70
a **bolus of food is formed** in the mouth and pushed by the tongue into the oropharynx.
Voluntary phase
71
**trigger a reflex** in the medulla,
initiating soft palate elevation, nasopharyngeal closure, pharyngeal constriction to propel the
bolus into the esophagus, preventing aspiration
Oropharyngeal tactile receptors
72
(5-8 seconds) moves food from pharynx to stomach, overcoming gravity. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow passage and prevent reflux.
Esophageal peristalsis
73
Cardiac part of the stomach
(Near the heart)
* surrounded by the lower esophageal sphincter
Gastro-esophageal
74
Above of the gastro-esophageal
Fundus
75
features greater and lesser curvatures and narrows into the pyloric part.
**(Largest section of the stomach)**
Body
76
**comprises the wider pyloric antrum and the narrower pyloric canal**, leading to the pyloric orifice that opens into the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter, a thick muscle, regulates gastric content flow.
Pyloric Region
77
The outermost layer of the stomach
Serosa or Visceral peritoneum
78
Three layers lf the Muscularis
Outer Longitudinal layer
Middle Circular layer
Inner Pblique layer
79
The submucosa and mucosa layers beneath the muscularis are characterized by **large folds** called___________?, which **allow for stretching as the stomach fills**
Rugae
80
5 types of Epithelial in Stomach
Surface mucous cells. Chief Cells
Mucuous neck cells. Endocrine Cells
Parietal Cells
81
**Protect the stomach wall with alkaline mucus,**
neutralizing acid and providing a barrier against digestive enzymes.
Surface mucuous cells
82
Located near the gland openings, they produce
mucus.
Mucuous Neck Cells
83
Found deeper in the glands, they **secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor**
Parietal Cells
84
Produce the enzyme pepsinogen.
Chief Cells
85
Produce various hormones and paracrine factors
Endocrine Cells
86
3 regulation of stomach secretion
Cephalic Phase
Gastric Phase
Intestinal Phase
87
Initiated by the central nervous system before
food enters the stomach, influenced by the taste, smell, and thoughts of food.
Cephalic Phase
88
Stimuli activate the medulla oblongata,
sending signals via the vagus nerve to stimulate gastric secretions through cholinergic postganglionic neurons in the enteric nervous system.
Cephalic Phase
89
This phase is characterized by the most
significant stimulation of gastric secretion once food is in the stomach.
Gastric Phase
90
A "slow down" phase where gastric secretion
decreases as food moves into the small intestine
Intestinal Phase
91
is the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing heartburn.
Gastrosophageal reflux (GER)
92
Food expands the stomach's volume by up
to 20 times with minimal pressure, regulated by a reflex
Stomach Filling
93
Food is mixed into chyme through gentle and strong contractions, with 80% being mixing waves.
Mixing of Stomach Contents
94
Liquids exit in 1.5-2.5 hours; solids take 3-
4 hours. The pyloric sphincter partially closes, and peristaltic contractions push chyme into the duodenum
Stomach Emptying
95
serves as a protective mechanism
against toxic substances and can be triggered by
irritation in the digestive tract.
Vomiting
96
**A long tube-like organ** that connects the stomach and the large
intestine.
—Where the greatest amount of digestion and absorption occurs.
—Secretions and buffers provided by pancreas, liver, gall bladder
Small Intestine
97
Breaks food down.
Absorbs nutrients and water.
Moves food along your gastrointestinal tract.
Small Intestine
98
3 parts of Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
99
Begins with a short superior part and ends
in a sharp bend where it joins the jejunum.
Duodenum
100
where liver and pancreas ducts open.
Major and minor duodenal papilla
101
3 modifications of Duodenum
Circular Folds
Villi
Microvilli
102
Similar structure to duodenum but with gradual
decreases in diameter, wall thickness, circular folds,
and villi.
JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
103
contains Peyer patches (lymphatic
nodules) that help with immune responses.
Ileum
104
Connects to the large
intestine via the ileocecal sphincter and valve,
ensuring one-way flow of contents into the large
intestine.
Ileocal junction
105
muscle valve that controls
the flow of digested food from the small
intestine to the large intestine
Iloececal Sphincter
106
produces secretions that contain primarily mucus, eletrolytes, and water.
Mucosa
107
Function to lubricate, protect the intestinal wall, and maintain chyme in a liquid form for digestion
Ingestinal Secretions
108
Secrete bile and digestive enzymes.
Liver and Pancreas
109
Supplies most digestive enzymes.
Pancreas
110
Produces mucus (via duodenal glands, intestinal glands, and goblet cells) and digestive enzymes bound to microvilli of absorptive cells.
Small Intestines
111
Breakdown products of digestion are absorbed through_________? and enter the circulatory or lymphatic system
Microvilli
112
The largest internal organ, weighing
about 1.36 kg (3 pounds).
— Located in the right-upper quadrant of
the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm.
Liver
113
The two major
lobes of the liver, separated by the falci-form
ligament.
Right and Left Lobe
114
Two minor lobes visible from an inferior
view of the liver
Caudate and Quadrate Lobes
115
Located on the inferior surface
where various vessels, ducts, and
nerves enter and exit the liver.
Porta (Gate)
116
Blood enters via the________?
vein and ___________?
Hepatic Portal vein and Hepatic Artery
117
ry bile out of the liver, joining to form the
common hepatic duct
Hepatic Ducts
118
are strings of cells that radiate out from the central vein of each lobule like the spokes of a wheel. The hepatic cords are composed
of hepatocytes
Hepatic Cords
119
are the primary cells in the liver, making up about 80% of its mass.
Hepatocytes
120
The spaces between the hepatic cords are blood
channels
Hepatic Sinusoids
121
performs important digestive and
excretory functions, stores and processes
nutrients, detoxifies harmful chemicals, and
synthesizes new molecules.
Liver
122
How much bike does the liver secretes each day?
600-1000 ml
123
A saclike structure for
bile storage. It is on the inferior
surface of the liver. It is 8cm long and 4cm
wide
Gallbladder
124
3 tunics of Gallbladder wall
Inner Mucosa
Muscularis
Outer covering of serosa
125
folded into rugae that allow
that gallbladder to expand
Inner Mucosa
126
a layer of smooth muscle that
allows the gallbladder to contract
Muscularis
127
Insoluble aggregates formed in
gallbladder. Often caused by precipitation of
excess cholesterol.
Gallstones
128
A complex organ composed of
both endocrine and exocrine
tissues Consists of a head, body, and a
tail
Pancreas
129
produces insulins and glucagon which are very
important in controlling blood levels of nutrients
Islets
130
The portion of the digestive tract
extending from the ileocecal
junction to the anus
Large Intestine
131
Consists of the cecum, colon,
rectum, and anal canal
Large Intestine
132
The proximal end of the large intestine. where it
meets the small intestine at the ileocecal junction.
Cecum
133
stores the feces until they are eliminated by defecation.
Colon
134
extends from the left colic flexure to the
superior opening of the true pelvis, where it becomes the sigmoid
colon
Descending colon
135
extends from the right colic flexure to the left
colic flexure
Transverse Colon
136
extends superiorly from the cecum and ends at
the right colic flexure near the right inferior margin of the liver.
Ascending colon
137
forms an S-shaped tube that extends into the pelvis
and ends at the rectum
Sigmoid colon
138
Three forms of Longitudinal Layer
Teniae Coli
Haustra
Ommental Apandages
139
Run the length of the colon
Teniae Coli
140
Contractions of the Teniae Coli
Haustra
141
attached to the outer surface of the colon along its length.
Ommental Apandages
142
small intestine with numerous, straight, tubular glands.
Crypts
143
a straight, muscular tube that begins at the distal end of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal.
stores and eliminates feces, acting as the final section of the large intestine.
Rectum
144
muscular passage that connects the rectum to the outside of the body, controlling the release of waste.
Anus
145
a smooth muscle that controls involuntary bowel movements and prevents
premature fecal release.
Internal Anal Sphincter
146
a voluntary skeletal muscle around the anus that allows conscious control
over the release of feces.
External Anal Shincter
147
cause pain, itching, and bleeding around the anus
Hemorrhoids
148
abnormally frequent discharge of watery feces that causes infections
Diarrhea
149
the release of gas from the digestive system through the rectum.
Flatus
150
is the breakdown of food to molecules small enough to be absorbed into the
blood.
Digestion
151
breaks large food particles into smaller ones
Mechanical Digestion
152
- is the break-ing of covalent chemical bonds in organic molecules by digestive enzymes.
Chemical Digestion
153
is the means by which molecules are moved out of the digestive tract into the blood for distribution throughout the body.
Absorption
154
side that faces the digestive tract lumen.
Apical Membrane
155
side that faces the blood vessels
Basolateral Membrane
156
an enzyme that begins the partial digestion of
starches in the oral cavity.
Salivary Amylase
157
bound to the microvilli of the intestinal epithelium
digest disaccharides into monosaccharides.
DISACCHARIDASES
158
greatly influences the rate of glucose transport into most types
of cells
Insulin
159
are molecules that are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.
Lipids
160
most common type of lipid and are often referred to
as fats
Triglycerides
161
Digests lipid molecules
Lipase
162
secreted by the pancreas, responsible for the
majority of lipase activity in the body.
Pancreatic Lipase
163
is a minor enzyme secreted in the oral cavity, which,
when swallowed with food, digests a small amount of lipids in the
stomach.
Lingual Lipase
164
produced in small amounts by the stomach.
Gastric Lipase
165
is a key step in lipid digestion, during which bile
salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller droplets.
Emulsification
166
lipid droplets surrounded by bile salts
Micelles
167
are taken into the body from a number of dietary sources.
Proteins
168
secreted by the stomach catalyzes the cleavage of covalent bonds in proteins to produce smaller polypeptide chains
Pepsin
169
moves in either direction across the wall of the small intestine by osmosis. Osmotic gradients across the epithelium determine the
direction of this diffusion
Water
170
How much water enter the digestive tract each day
9L of water
171
are predominantly absorbed by active transport in the small intes-tine. Active transport mechanisms drive the absorption of **sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate.**
Ions
