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Anaphy Finals > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

is a network of glands and organs that
produce, store, and release hormones into the bloodstream.

A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Major glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries and testes).

A

Glands

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3
Q

Substances like insulin, cortisol, thyroxine, and
estrogen.

A

Hormones

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4
Q

These regulate hormone levels to
maintain balance (homeostasis)

A

Feedback mechanisms

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5
Q

Classes of Chemical Messengers

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Neurotransmitter
  4. Endocrine
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6
Q

Secreted by cells in a local area
* Influences the activity of the same cell or cell type from which it was secreted

A

Autocrine

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7
Q

a class of signaling molecules that regulate physiological responses, such as inflammation, tissue homeostasis, and host defense

A

Eicosanoids

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8
Q

Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid

*Has a localized effect on other tissues

A

Paracrine

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9
Q

Produced by neurons
Secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals

  • Travels short distances
A

Neurotransmitters

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10
Q

Secreted into the blood by specialized cells
* Results in coordinated regulation of cell function

A

Endocrine

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11
Q

Functions of the Endocrine system

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Control of food intake and digestion
    3.Tissue development
  3. Ion regulation
  4. Water balance
  5. Heart rate and blood pressure
  6. Control of blood glucose and other nutrients
  7. Control of reproductive functions
  8. Uterine contractions and milk release
  9. Immune system regulation
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12
Q

have ducts that carry their
secretions to the outside of
the body, or into a hollow
organ, such as the stomach
or intestines.

A

Exocrine Glands

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13
Q

derived from the
Greek words endo (within) and
krino (to secrete)

A

Endocrine

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14
Q

regulates almost every physiological
process in our body

A

Hormone

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15
Q

nonpolar molecules which
include steroid hormones,
thyroid hormones, and fatty
acid derivative hormones

A

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

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16
Q

polar molecules which include
protein, peptide, and most
amino acid derivative
hormones.

A

Water-Soluble Hormones

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17
Q

THREE TYPES OF STIMULI REGULATE
AND INHIBITION OF HORMONE RELEASE:

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

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18
Q

refers to body fluids and blood.

A

Humoral

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19
Q

These hormones are sensitive to the blood levels of particular substances, such as glucose, calcium, and
sodium

A

Humoral

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20
Q

Blood-borne chemicals can directly trigger the release of hormones

A

Humoral

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21
Q

In this process, neurons generate action potentials and release neurotransmitters into a synapse with hormone-producing cells

A

Neural Stimuli

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22
Q

It occurs when one hormone is secreted and with that, it stimulates the secretion of other hormones

A

Hormonal

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23
Q

A releasing hormone from the
hypothalamus triggers the anterior pituitary to release a tropic hormone, which stimulates
another endocrine gland to release its hormone

A

Tropic Hormones

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24
Q

A hormone exert their actions by binding to target cell protein

A

Receptors

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25
Is a portion of each **receptor molecule** where a **hormone binds**
Receptor Site
26
The **tendency for each type of hormone to bind** to **one type of receptor**, and not to other
Specificity
27
are small, **nonpolar** that molecules **can easily cross the cell membrane**
Lipid Soluble Hormones
28
They **diffuse through the cell membrane** and bind to nuclear receptors that is mostly often found in the nucleus.
LIPID - SOLUBLE HORMONES
29
are **polar molecules** and **cannot pass through the cell membrane**.
WATER - SOLUBLE HORMONES
30
They **interact with membrane-bound receptors**, which are proteins that extend across the cell membrane with hormone-binding sites exposed on its cell membrane's outer surface.
WATER - SOLUBLE HORMONES
31
primarily **stimulate synthesis of new proteins.**
Lipid-soluble hormones
32
relies on information stored in DNA
protein synthesis
33
**diffuse across the plasma membrane** and bind to their receptors.
Lipid soluble hormones
34
stimulates the synthesis of the proteins that are responsible for **male secondary sex characteristics.**
Testosterone
35
is responsible for **female sexual development**, puberty, and the menstrual cycle
Estrogen
36
**anchored** in the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane
Membrane-bound receptors
37
when intracellular pathways **elicit specific responses in cells**
Production of intracellular mediators.
38
a chemical produced inside a cell once a hormone or another chemical messenger binds to certain membrane-bound receptors -**activates specific cellular processes inside the cell in response to the hormone**
Second Messenger
39
consist of three subunits (largest to smallest); alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) -**binds to guanine nucleotides**
G proteins
40
**functions as a second messenger**, an intracellular mediator that **carries out cellular metabolic processes in response to hormonal activation**
Cyclic AMP
41
**The rate and magnitude** at which a hormone’s response is elicited are determined by its mechanism of action at the receptor.
Signal Amplification
42
small gland about the **size of a pea.** - control the functions of many other glands in the body
Pituitary Gland
43
**secretes hormones that influence growth,** kidney function, birth, and milk production by the mammary glands.
Pituitary Gland
44
important autonomic nervous system and endocrine control center of the brain. - controls the pituitary gland in two ways: **hormonal control and direct innervation**
Hypothalamus
45
**stimulates growth** of bones, muscles, and organs; resists protein breakdown; favors lipid breakdown.
Growth Hormone (GH)
46
**stimulates thyroid hormone** secretion and thyroid gland growth.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
47
**stimulates cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex**; prevents adrenal cortex degeneration; increases skin pigmentation.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
48
**regulate gonad growth**, development, and function.
Gonadotropins Hormone
49
**promotes breast development during pregnancy**; stimulates **milk production** after pregnancy.
Prolactin
50
**stimulates melanin synthesis** in melanocytes, leading to skin darkening.
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
51
**Storage site for hormones** synthesized by hypothalamus neurons.
Posterior Pituitary
52
**Increases water reabsorption in kidneys**, reducing urine volume.
ADH
53
**Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection** during lactation. Used to assist childbirth (Pitocin)
Oxytocin
54
Emotions (joy, anger, stress) can influence hormone release. Hormonal feedback loops regulate secretion from the pituitary
Hypothalamus
55
**Located just below the larynx**, made of **two lobes connected by an isthmus.**
Thyroid Gland
56
**Produces thyroid hormones** (T₃ and T₄) which regulate metabolism.
Thyroid Gland
57
Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
1. Hypothyroidism 2. Hyperthyroidism 3. Goiter
58
**Decreased metabolism**, lethargy, myxedema, and cretinism in infants
Hypothyroidism
59
**Increased metabolism,** nervousness, fatigue, exophthalmos (Graves' disease)
Hyperthyroidism
60
**Caused by low iodine**, leads to **enlarged thyroid** due to excess TSH
Goiter
61
**Prevents production of T₃ and T₄,** leading to goiter. - Iodized salt helps prevent deficiency.
Iodine Deficiency
62
**Lowers blood calcium** by inhibiting osteoclasts, reducing bone resorption.
Calcitonin
63
are typically **located behind the thyroid gland.**
Parathyroid Glands
64
Parathyroid Glands consists of two cell types
1. Chief cells 2. Oxyphils
65
produce parathyroid hormone.
Chief Cells
66
are arranged in **dense masses or cords**.
Parathyroid Cells
67
is important in **regulating calcium levels in body fluids**
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
68
**Inactive parathyroid glands** abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood. Symptoms: nervousness, muscle spasms, and convulsions.
Hypocalcemia
69
located near the kidneys, are responsible for **producing various hormones.** They are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule and are well-supplied with blood. **Suprarenal Gland**
Adrenal Glands
70
**Arises from neural crest cells.** **Give rise to postganglionic neurons** of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Adrenal Medulla
71
consists of **closely packed polyhedral cells** centrally located in the gland.
Adrenal Medulla
72
Derived from **mesoderm**
Adrenal Cortex
73
Three indistinct layers of Adrenal Cortex
1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona Fasciculata 3. Zoma Reticularis
74
located immediately beneath the capsule, is composed of **small clusters** of cells and **secretes aldosterone.**
zona glomerulosa
75
is the **thickest part of the adrenal cortex** * Secretes **Cortisol**
Zona fasciculata
76
**The deepest layer of the adrenal cortex,** * **secretes androgens** and is a thin layer of irregularly arranged cords of cell
zona reticularis
77
is a generic term for **steroid hormones** that cause the development of **male secondary sex characteristics**
Androgen
78
stimulate **pubic and axillary hair growth and sex drive in females.**
Adrenal Androgens
79
Th effects in males are negligible, in comparison with **testosterone secreted by the testes**
Adrenal Androgens
80
**Declines with age,** especially in inactive individuals. Reduced lean body mass (muscle and bone). Increased adipose tissue.
Growth Hormone (GH)
81
Decrease impacts: **Sleep patterns.** Secretion of GH and testosterone.
Melatonin
82
**Slight decline in secretion;** T3:T4 ratio decreases. Immune-related thyroid damage more **common in women.**
Thyroid Hormones
83
Secretion remains steady, but **calcium levels may decline** due to: Reduced dietary calcium and vitamin D.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
84
**Thymosin secretion decreases with age.** Immune system weakens: Fewer mature lymphocytes. Increased susceptibility to infections and cancers
Thymus Gland

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