Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS3 CLINICAL Radiology > Digital & Film Radiography > Flashcards

Digital & Film Radiography Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

How do digital and film forms of radiography differ

A

they differ in how the x-ray beam is dealt with after it has interacted with the patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the type of digital receptors

A

phosphor plate
solid sensor

both multiple use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the types of film receptors

A

direct action
indirect action

both single use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What aerate different measurements for the receptor size for phosphor plates

A

size 0 - anterior periapicals
size 2 - bitewings; posterior periapical
size 4 - occlusal radiographs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an x ray shadow

A

it is a pattern of attenuation that you see if you pass the x ray beam through an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the x ray shadow get turned into an x ray density

A

the receptor measures the x-ray intensity at defined areas that are arranged in a grid

each area is given a value relating to x ray intensity

each value corresponds to a different shade of grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the values relating to x ray intensity

A

range from 0-255
255 means that very few x ray photons are reaching the area

0 = black
255 = white
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is the digital image displayed

A

as a grid of squares called pixels

each pixel can only display one color at a time

more pixels you have the more accurate the image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the benefit of more pixels

A

better detail and a higher resolution

increasing the resolution will provide a more diagnostic image up to a limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the issue if there’s too many pixels

A

digital image will require more storage space resulting in increased costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are digital receptors limited in how small they can make the pixels

A

due to manufacturing challenges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are radiographs typically processed in regards to greyscale bit depth

A

the radiographs are typically processed in at least 8 bits which refers to the different number of shades of grey available

you do 2^8 giving 256 meaning 256 shades of grey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can a digital image be modified

A

contrast/widowing
negative
emboss
magnify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the format for digital images

A

DICOM - digital imaging & communications in Medicine

international standard format for handing digital medical images used to transmit, store, retrieve, print, process and display images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the benefits of DICOM

A

allows imaging to work between diff software, machines, manufacturers, hospitals and countries without compatibility issues

also stores other important data alongside the image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is PACS

A

picture archiving and communication system

a medical imaging technology which provides storage and access to images (typically in healthcare organization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main components of PACS

A

input by imaging modalities e.g plain radiography, CT, MRI, US

secure network for transmission of px info

workstations for interpreting and reviewing images

archives fo rate storage and retrieval of images and reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What environment should digital radiographs be viewed

A

subdued lighting

avoid glare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How should the monitor be prepared for viewing digital radiographs

A

should be

clean
adequate display resolution
high enough brightness level
suitable contrast level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the SMPTE test pattern

A

society of motion, picture and television engineers
available online
can be used to assess the resolution, contrast and brightness of your monitor/monitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe phosphor plates

A

not connected to computer

after the receptor is exposed to X-rays it must be put in scanners and read to create the final image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe image creation using phosphor plates within the patients mouth

A

the receptor is exposed to the x ray beam

the phosphor crystals in the receptor are excited by the x ray energy resulting in the creation of a latent image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe image creation using phosphor plates within the scanner

A

receptor scanned by a laser

the laser energy causes the excited phosphor crystals to emit visible light

this light is detected and creates the digital image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the types of solid state sensors

A

charged couple device (CCD)

complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe solid state sensors
connected to computer - usually wired but can be wireless latent image created and immediately read within the sensor itself meaning final image is created virtually instantly
26
What are the components of a solid state sensor
black housing + cable electronic substrate CMOS imaging chip fibre-optic face plate scintillator screen front housing direction of the x ray beam
27
What is the point of the identification dot
it is located in the corner of the receptor to aid orientation of the image only effective if the receptor was positioned correctly during exposure
28
How is cross infection control done for digital receptors
intra oral receptor have purpose made single use covers to prevent saliva contamination
29
What are examples of cross infection control covers
adhesive sealed plastic covers | long plastic sleeves
30
Why do receptors require careful handling
both digital and film receptors can be damaged for digital, if certain types of damage happen they will impact every subsequent image obtained from that receptor and this reduces their diagnostic value and may render the receptor unusable
31
How should receptors be handled to prevent damage
hold it by their edges, not by their fault surface
32
What are types of damage you can get
scratches and tears fingerprints bending and creases
33
What are the features of phosphor plates
thinner, lighter and flexible wireless so mores table and comfortable variable room light sensitivity meaning there is risk of an impaired image latent image needs to be processed in scanner separately handling similar to film
34
What are the features of solid state sensors
bulkier and rigid usually wired smaller active area for same physical area of recpetor no issue with room light control arguably more durable and so they're replaced less often more expensive
35
What are the components of an inter oral film packet
``` Inner paper dental film inner paper wrap lead foil backing outer package ```
36
What is the function of the protective paper surrounding the film
it protects the film from light exposure, damage by fingers and saliva
37
What is the function of the lead foil in the intra oral film packet
it absorbs some excess x ray photons
38
What is the function of the outer wrapper
it prevents ingress of saliva | indicates which side of the packet is in the front
39
What is radiographic film
material in which the actual image is formed sensitive to both x ray photons and visible light photons photons interact with emulsion on film to produce latent image which only becomes invisible after chemical processing
40
What is the structure of radiographic film
transparent plastic base on inside adhesive surrounding emulsion on top protective coating of clear gelatin
41
What is the function of a transparent plastic base
supports the emulsion
42
What is the function of the adhesive
attaches the emulsion to the plastic base
43
Where is the emulsion
layered on both sides of the plastic base
44
What is the function of the protective coating of clear gelatin
shields the emulsion from mechanical damage
45
What is radiographic emulsions made of
it is silver halide crystals embedded in gelatin binder crystals are microscopic and they are what become the pixels of the final image
46
What are the silver halide crystals
usually silver bromide | they become sensitized upon interaction with x-ray (& visible light) photons
47
What happens to silver halide crystals during processing
the sensitized crystals are converted to particles of black metallic silver and these lead to the dark parts of the image the non sensitized crystals are removed resulting in the lighter parts of the image
48
Where is the lead foil seen
it lies behind the film and absorbs photons behind the primary beam and also x ray photons that scatter in the patient smooth and bounce back to hit the film
49
What can be seen if the receptor is put back to front
you see a embossed pattern as the x ray photons have to pass through the lead before the emulsion
50
What is film speed
relates to the amount of x ray exposure required to produce an adequate image
51
What does increased film speed mean
increased speed means reduced radiation required to achieve an image
52
What is film speed affected by
number and size of the silver halide crystals larger crystals have a faster film but poorer image quality
53
If you change to a different film speed what must u do
convert settings on x-ray unit which has to be done by a qualified technician install a filter to absorb part of the primary x ray beam
54
What are intensifying screens
used alongside special indirect action film for extra oral radiographs too bulky fr intra oral use REDUCE RADIATION DOSE BUT ALSO REDUCE DETAIL
55
Describe how intensifying screens work
the film is placed inside the cassette with an intensifying screen on either side the screens release visible light upon exposure to x ray and this visible light creates latent image on film which can be converted using film processing
56
What is film processing
sequence of tests which converts the invisible latent image to a visible permanent image
57
Where must film processing be carried out
must be carried out under controlled standardized conditions to ensure consistent image quality
58
What are the different methods for film processing
manual automated self developing films
59
What are the common steps for film processing
``` developing washing fixing washing drying ```
60
What happens in developing
converts sensitized crystals to black metallic silver particles resulting in darker areas
61
What happens in washing
removes residual developer solution
62
What happens in fixing
``` removes non sensitized crystals hardens emulsion (which contains the black metallic silver) ```
63
What happens in washing
removes residual fixer solution
64
What happens in drying
removes water so that the film is ready to be handled/stored
65
Describe what happens in the manual or wet cycle
person dips film into different tanks of chemicals at precise concentrations/temperatures for specific periods of time and washes the film after each tank
66
Where must the manual cycle be done
in a dark room with absolute light-tightness and adequate ventilation
67
What is the automated cycle
all necessary steps carried out within a machine exposed film goes in one end and processed film comes out the other
68
What is the benefits and disadvantages of the automated cycle
faster and more controlled than manual processing and avoids need for a dark room more expensive
69
In the automated cycle, how is the washing cycle done
sponge rollers squeeze developer solution of the film
70
How do you open a film packet for automated processing
disinfect the surface of the packet and wipe off hold the packet under the hood of the processor unit peel back flap of outer wrapper fold back lead foil pull back paper flip hold film by edges (NOT SURFACES) and slide out insert film into processor slot/shelf
71
What are the advantages of self developing films
no darkroom or processing facilities required | faster
72
What is the disadvantage of self developing films
poor image quality - important image deteriorates more rapidly over time no lead foil - important easily bent difficult to use in positioning holders relatively expensive
73
What are processing issues in developing
it involves a chemical reaction (sensitized silver halide crystals -> black silver) reaction affected by time, temp and solution conc developer solution oxides in air - becomes less effective over time, needs to be replaced regularly (irrespective to how many films have been developed)
74
What are the potential causes of pale image
exposure issue | developing issue
75
What are exposure issue that can lead to a pale image
radiation exposure factors too low
76
What are developing issues that can lead to a pale image
film removed from solution too early solution too cold solution too dilute/old
77
What are issues that come form inadequate fixing
means non desensitised crystals are left behind image is greenish-yellow or milky image becomes brown over time
78
What are issues that come from inadequate washing
developer and fixer solution will continue to act if not washed off
79
What are issues with film storage
takes up room needs to be easily accessible and safe from damage requires a reliable organization system to allow images to be found easily and reduce risk of images being lost and mixed up
80
What are advantages of digital radiography
no need for chemical prcoesinsg easy storage and archiving of iamages easy back up of images images can be integrated into patients records if digital easy transfer/sharing of iamges images can be manipulated
81
What are disadvantages of digital radiography
worse resolution and risk of pixelation requires diagnosis level computer monitors for optimal viewing risk of data corruption / loss which is solved by backing up hard copy print outs have lower image quality image enhancement can create misleading images

BDS3 CLINICAL Radiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions