Digital Technology Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
A
A rapidly advancing field that enables computers to make decisions and solve problems without explicit programming.
AI is transforming how we live and work.
2
Q
What is machine learning?
A
A type of AI that uses data to learn and make predictions based on patterns.
Machine learning recognizes patterns without being explicitly programmed.
3
Q
What role do algorithms play in machine learning?
A
They recognize patterns in data without being explicitly programmed.
Algorithms are essential for making predictions and decisions.
4
Q
How do machine learning algorithms make predictions?
A
By using patterns recognized in data.
This process allows for informed decision-making.
5
Q
True or False: Alexa is the name of an AI-powered academic search engine.
A
False.
The correct answer is the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence.
6
Q
What distinguishes machine learning from traditional programming?
A
Machine learning recognizes patterns in data while traditional programming involves step-by-step instructions written by programmers.
7
Q
Why is it important to learn about AI and machine learning?
A
To understand AI decisions and recognize AI interactions in our lives.
8
Q
What is the difference between AI and machine learning?
A
AI is a broad field, while machine learning is a specific type of AI.
9
Q
How does machine learning work?
A
Machine learning algorithms recognize patterns in data to make predictions.
10
Q
What impact do AI and machine learning have on daily life?
A
They are integrated into many aspects, including online recommendations and voice assistants.
11
Q
What are some real-world applications of machine learning?
A
Disease detection and autonomous vehicles.
12
Q
Fill in the blank: Machine learning algorithms learn from _______.
A
[data]
13
Q
What do machine learning algorithms recognize in data?
A
Patterns.
Recognizing patterns is crucial for making predictions.
14
Q
What do machine learning algorithms use patterns for?
A
To make predictions.
This is a fundamental aspect of how machine learning operates.
15
Q
What is the significance of understanding AI and machine learning?
A
To comprehend the impact of AI and machine learning on our lives.
16
Q
How are advancements in AI and machine learning shaping the future?
A
They present both opportunities and challenges.
17
Q
What role does training data play in machine learning?
A
Training data shapes the accuracy and outcomes of AI models.
The quality and diversity of training data are critical for AI model performance.
18
Q
What can biased training data lead to?
A
Biased predictions, perpetuation of harmful stereotypes and inequities.
It emphasizes the need for diverse and unbiased data.
19
Q
Why is it important to collect diverse training data?
A
To ensure fairness and representativeness in AI systems.
Diverse data helps mitigate bias and creates equitable AI.
20
Q
What must AI developers examine to mitigate bias?
A
Data sources, collection methods, and demographics represented.
Careful examination is crucial for ethical AI development.
21
Q
How does diverse training data contribute to AI?
A
It helps mitigate bias in training data and leads to fairer AI systems.
Including a wide range of perspectives is essential.
22
Q
True or False: Biased datasets do not affect AI predictions.
A
False.
Biased datasets can lead to the perpetuation of harmful stereotypes.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The accuracy of AI models relies heavily on the quality and _______ of the training data.
A
[diversity]
Quality and diversity are key factors in developing effective AI models.
24
Q
What is crucial for building ethical and responsible AI systems?
A
Ensuring fair and representative training data.
This includes collecting data from multiple perspectives.
25
What is a consequence of using skewed datasets in AI?
Perpetuation of harmful stereotypes and inequities.
## Footnote
Skewed datasets can lead to unfair predictions affecting various groups.
26
What is Computer Vision?
An interdisciplinary field that enables computers and systems to derive meaningful information from digital images and videos.
27
What role does Computer Vision play in Artificial Intelligence?
It enables machines to interpret and understand digital images and videos, allowing AI systems to recognise and classify objects, detect features, and analyse visual data.
28
Name three key applications of Computer Vision.
* Object Detection and Recognition
* Facial Recognition
* Medical Imaging Analysis
29
What is Object Detection?
A technique that identifies and locates objects within an image or video.
30
What does Semantic Segmentation do?
Partitions the entire image into meaningful segments or regions.
31
What is Image Classification?
A core task in computer vision where AI models are trained to identify and categorise objects, scenes, or concepts within digital images.
32
True or False: Facial Analysis can detect emotions from digital images.
True
33
What are the three main capabilities of computer vision in autonomous vehicles?
* Perception
* Object Recognition
* Localisation and Mapping
34
How has Computer Vision impacted Medical Imaging?
It has improved the accuracy and efficiency of diagnostic techniques through AI-powered analysis.
35
What are some challenges in Computer Vision?
* Data Limitations
* Occlusion and Clutter
* Lighting and Environment
* Computational Complexity
36
Fill in the blank: Computer vision models require large, diverse _______ for effective training.
[datasets]
37
What is the future trend of Computer Vision regarding Perceptual Intelligence?
Computer vision systems will achieve human-level understanding of visual scenes.
38
List two advancements expected in the future of Computer Vision.
* Hyper-Realistic Simulations
* Autonomous Decision-Making
39
What is the significance of integrating computer vision in healthcare?
It allows for rapid identification of anomalies and assists in making informed decisions.
40
True or False: Variations in lighting do not affect the performance of computer vision systems.
False
41
What enables autonomous vehicles to detect pedestrians and obstacles?
Computer vision
42
What is one application of Facial Recognition technology?
Security and authentication
43
Fill in the blank: Advanced facial analysis techniques can detect ________, age, gender, and other attributes.
[emotions]
44
What is Robotic Vision?
It enables robots to perceive and interact with their environment.
45
What does advanced object detection in self-driving cars allow?
Identification of a wide range of objects, such as other cars and animals.
46
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
Field of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines capable of performing tasks that require human intelligence, such as learning and decision-making.
47
What are Neural Networks?
A type of machine learning algorithm inspired by the human brain that learns from data and makes predictions or decisions.
48
How do Neural Networks work?
They consist of interconnected nodes that process and transmit information, learning by adjusting the strength of connections based on input data.
49
List three applications of Neural Networks.
* Image recognition
* Natural language processing
* Predictive analytics
50
What are the basic components of a Neural Network?
* Input layer
* Hidden layers
* Output layer
51
What is the function of the Input Layer in a Neural Network?
Receives the data that the neural network will process.
52
What do Hidden Layers do in a Neural Network?
Perform internal processing and feature extraction, transforming input data into a more abstract representation.
53
What is the purpose of the Output Layer in a Neural Network?
Produces the final result or prediction based on processed input data.
54
What is Forward Propagation?
The process where input data is passed through the neural network to produce an output.
55
What is Backpropagation?
The process of propagating the error backwards through the network to adjust weights and biases.
56
What is Iterative Learning in Neural Networks?
The repeated process of forward propagation and backpropagation to gradually improve network performance.
57
What are Sophisticated optimisation algorithms used for in Neural Networks?
To efficiently update the network's parameters and accelerate the learning process.
58
Define Supervised Learning.
The neural network is provided with labeled data to learn mapping from input to output.
59
What is Unsupervised Learning?
The neural network discovers patterns in input data without labeled information.
60
What is Semi-supervised Learning?
A combination of labeled and unlabeled data is used to train the neural network.
61
List three applications of Neural Networks in Computer Vision.
* Image recognition
* Object detection
* Image segmentation
62
What are two applications of Neural Networks in Natural Language Processing?
* Language translation
* Sentiment analysis
63
What is one application of Neural Networks in Predictive Analytics?
Making accurate predictions in finance, healthcare, and marketing.
64
How do Neural Networks contribute to Robotics and Autonomous Systems?
They enable robots and autonomous vehicles to perceive their environment and make decisions.
65
What are Advances in Hardware expected to do for AI and Neural Networks?
Enable more complex and powerful neural networks.
66
What are Deeper Architectures in Neural Networks?
Neural networks with more hidden layers that can learn more abstract and complex representations.
67
What is a breakthrough expected in Unsupervised Learning?
Allowing neural networks to learn from vast amounts of unlabeled data.
68
What are Generative Models in the context of Neural Networks?
Neural networks trained to generate new data, such as images, text, or audio.
69
What is Artificial Intelligence?
AI is the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
## Footnote
AI encompasses various subfields, including machine learning and natural language processing.
70
What is Machine Learning?
AI systems use machine learning algorithms to analyze data, identify patterns, and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed.
## Footnote
Machine learning is a subset of AI focused on the development of algorithms that allow computers to learn from and make predictions based on data.
71
What does Natural Language Processing (NLP) enable?
NLP allows machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language, enabling AI chatbots and language models to communicate naturally.
## Footnote
NLP is crucial for creating conversational agents that can interact with users in a human-like manner.
72
How do chatbots understand language?
Chatbots use natural language processing to comprehend the user's input, interpret the meaning, and formulate an appropriate response.
## Footnote
This involves parsing user queries and understanding intent.
73
What do chatbots rely on for generating responses?
Chatbots draw upon their training data and machine learning models to access relevant information and generate coherent, contextual responses.
## Footnote
The quality of the responses depends heavily on the training data used.
74
What is the role of interaction in chatbots?
Chatbots engage in interactive conversations, learning from user feedback and continuously improving their ability to communicate naturally.
## Footnote
This feedback loop is essential for enhancing the chatbot's performance over time.
75
What is a key feature of large language models?
Large language models are trained on massive datasets, giving them a deep understanding of language, concepts, and information across a wide range of domains.
## Footnote
This extensive training enables them to perform various language tasks effectively.
76
What does contextual understanding in large language models refer to?
These models can grasp the nuances and context of language, allowing them to generate more natural and relevant responses.
## Footnote
Contextual understanding improves the quality of interactions with users.
77
List some applications of large language models.
Large language models can be fine-tuned for various applications, including:
* Chatbots
* Virtual assistants
* Content creation
* Text generation
## Footnote
Their versatility makes them suitable for many tasks.
78
What is the significance of training data quantity?
Large language models require vast amounts of high-quality training data to build a comprehensive understanding of language and the world.
## Footnote
Quality and quantity of data are pivotal for effective model training.
79
Why is diversity in training data important?
The training data should cover a diverse range of topics, styles, and perspectives to ensure the model's versatility and fairness.
## Footnote
This helps to mitigate biases and improves the model's ability to generalize.
80
What does careful curation of training data involve?
The data must be thoroughly cleaned and annotated to maintain accuracy and minimize biases in the model's outputs.
## Footnote
Proper curation is essential for the ethical deployment of AI systems.
81
What is the significance of continuous learning for AI models?
Ongoing refinement and retraining of the model with new data helps it stay up-to-date and responsive to evolving language and user needs.
## Footnote
Continuous learning allows models to adapt to changes in language and user behavior.
82
What does semantic understanding in NLP models signify?
NLP models can now grasp the meaning and context of language, moving beyond simple keyword matching.
## Footnote
This advancement enhances the relevance and accuracy of generated responses.
83
What are multimodal capabilities in AI?
Combining NLP with computer vision and other modalities enables AI systems to understand and communicate in more natural and holistic ways.
## Footnote
Multimodal systems can process and integrate information from different types of data.
84
What are generative abilities in state-of-the-art NLP models?
State-of-the-art NLP models can generate fluent, human-like text, powering advanced chatbots and content creation tools.
## Footnote
This capability is crucial for creating engaging and coherent interactions.
85
What is a potential issue with AI systems regarding bias?
AI systems can perpetuate and amplify societal biases present in their training data, requiring careful monitoring and mitigation.
## Footnote
Addressing bias is crucial for ethical AI deployment.
86
What is a critical challenge in ensuring AI safety?
Ensuring the safety and ethical deployment of AI chatbots, especially in sensitive domains, is a critical challenge.
## Footnote
This includes making sure that AI does not harm users or spread misinformation.
87
Why is user privacy important in AI chatbots?
Protecting user privacy and data security is essential as AI chatbots become more prevalent in our daily lives.
## Footnote
Privacy concerns must be addressed to build trust in AI technologies.
88
What are some limitations of current AI chatbots?
Current AI chatbots still have limitations in:
* True understanding
* Empathy
* Reasoning
## Footnote
These limitations highlight the need for further advancements in AI.
89
What is expected in the future of AI-powered communication?
AI chatbots will feature enhanced personalization, multimodal interaction, and emotional intelligence.
## Footnote
These advancements will significantly improve user experience and engagement.
90
What is the role of ethical deployment in AI?
Ongoing research and responsible development will ensure the safe and ethical use of AI chatbots in various applications.
## Footnote
Ethical considerations are vital for sustainable AI advancements.
91
What is Generative AI?
A field enabling computers to create new and original content, including text, images, audio, and code
## Footnote
It has the potential to revolutionize technology interaction and enhance creative capabilities.
92
What are the foundations of Generative AI built upon?
Sophisticated machine learning models that learn patterns from vast datasets
## Footnote
These models generate new content based on learned knowledge.
93
What is Artificial Creativity in Generative AI?
The ability of models to combine and recombine elements in novel ways to produce unique outputs
## Footnote
This goes beyond simple mimicry.
94
List three diverse applications of Generative AI.
* Art
* Music
* Scientific research
* Product design
95
How can Generative AI assist in Content Creation?
By creating new text, images, and audio to streamline and augment creative workflows
## Footnote
This enhances productivity in creative tasks.
96
What does personalization in Generative AI involve?
Tailoring content and experiences to individual users
## Footnote
This makes interactions more engaging and relevant.
97
How does Generative AI contribute to Scientific Discovery?
By generating hypotheses, designing experiments, and discovering new materials or molecules
## Footnote
This accelerates research processes.
98
What are Language Models in Generative AI?
Models like GPT-3 trained on vast text data to learn language patterns and structures
## Footnote
They are essential for tasks like text generation.
99
What is the purpose of Text Generation in Generative AI?
To generate new, coherent text that mimics the style and content of the training data
## Footnote
Applications range from creative writing to product descriptions.
100
Fill in the blank: Generative AI can create unique, original _______.
[artworks and images]
101
How does Generative AI assist in Product Design?
By generating new product concepts, prototypes, and visualizations
## Footnote
This enhances the design process.
102
What is the role of Generative AI in Data Visualization?
Creating dynamic, data-driven visualizations to communicate complex information effectively
## Footnote
This aids in understanding data.
103
What is Speech Synthesis in Generative AI?
The generation of human-like speech for personalized voice assistants and audiobooks
## Footnote
This enhances user interaction.
104
How does Generative AI contribute to Music Composition?
By learning music patterns and structures to compose new, original musical pieces
## Footnote
This supports creative music creation.
105
What are the ethical considerations in Generative AI?
* Bias and fairness
* Privacy and security
* Transparency and accountability
* Responsible development
106
True or False: Ensuring unbiased outputs is a critical challenge in Generative AI.
True
107
What future advancements are expected in Generative AI?
Models will become more sophisticated, generating complex and realistic content
## Footnote
This will enhance their versatility.
108
What is a critical priority for the future of Generative AI?
Addressing ethical concerns to ensure responsible development and deployment
## Footnote
This is vital for public trust.
109
How will Generative AI affect Human-AI Collaboration?
It will augment and empower human creativity and problem-solving
## Footnote
This emphasizes collaboration over replacement.
110
What are the four basic functions of a computer?
Input data, Process data, Output results, Store data
## Footnote
These functions are the foundation of how a computer system operates.
111
What is a computer system?
A computer system takes a set of digital inputs, processes them, and creates a set of outputs using hardware and software
## Footnote
It includes components that work together to perform tasks.
112
Name three input devices used in a computer system.
* Keyboard
* Mouse
* Touchscreen
## Footnote
Other input devices can include microphones and sensors.
113
What role does the CPU play in a computer system?
The CPU follows software instructions to process data
## Footnote
The Central Processing Unit is the main component that executes instructions.
114
List three output devices that a computer system can use.
* Monitor/screen
* Printer
* Speakers
## Footnote
Output devices display or convey results of processed data.
115
What are general purpose systems?
Computers that can perform many varied tasks
## Footnote
Examples include personal computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
116
What is an embedded system?
A computer that performs one specific task within a larger system
## Footnote
Embedded systems are typically part of devices that do not resemble traditional computers.
117
How do embedded systems differ from general purpose systems?
Embedded systems do not have a monitor, keyboard, or touchscreen and are built on a single printed circuit board
## Footnote
They are designed for specific tasks and often include firmware.
118
What is firmware?
The software specifically needed for an embedded system to perform its task
## Footnote
Firmware is crucial for the operation of embedded systems.
119
Give an example of a device that contains multiple embedded systems.
A modern car
## Footnote
Cars control various functions such as windscreen wipers, radio, engine, and anti-lock brakes through embedded systems.
120
True or False: All computers use the same model of a computer system.
True
## Footnote
This model applies to everything from watches to supercomputers.
121
Fill in the blank: A general purpose computer can perform many varied _______.
[tasks]
## Footnote
General purpose systems utilize various software applications for different functions.
122
What concept describes early computers that were designed for specific tasks?
Fixed program concept
## Footnote
Early computers had to be redesigned or rewired to add features.
123
Why do computers no longer use the fixed program concept?
Computers can perform multiple tasks and are more efficient and space-saving.
124
Who described the stored program concept for computers in 1945?
John von Neumann
125
What does the stored program concept allow?
Programs to be changed without altering the computer’s components or structure.
126
List the main components of the Von Neumann architecture.
* Control Unit (CU)
* Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
* Registers
* Memory Data Register (MDR)
* Program Counter (PC)
* Accumulator
* Input and Output (I/O) Devices
* Memory
* Cache
* Memory Address Register (MAR)
127
What is the function of the Control Unit (CU)?
Sends signals to control the flow of data around the CPU.
128
What operations does the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) perform?
Arithmetic and logical operations.
129
Provide examples of arithmetic operations.
* Addition (+)
* Subtraction (-)
* Multiplication (*)
* Division (/)
130
Provide examples of logical operations.
* Comparisons (greater than, etc.)
* Boolean operations (AND, OR, NOT)
131
What is the purpose of Registers in the CPU?
Small and very fast memory with a specific purpose.
132
What does the Memory Address Register (MAR) hold?
The address of the memory location where data/instruction is to be fetched or stored.
133
What does the Memory Data Register (MDR) hold?
The data/instruction that has been fetched from memory or going to be written in memory.
134
What does the Accumulator do?
Holds the results of calculations made by the ALU.
135
What is the function of the Program Counter (PC)?
Holds the address of the memory location of the next instruction.
136
What does the Cache provide?
Fast access to frequently used data and instructions.
137
What happens during the Fetch stage of the Fetch-Execute Cycle?
The address of the next instruction is copied from the PC to the MAR, and the data/instruction stored in that address is copied to the MDR.
138
What occurs during the Decode stage of the Fetch-Execute Cycle?
The CU interprets the instruction to determine what needs to be done.
139
What can happen during the Execute stage of the Fetch-Execute Cycle?
* Repeat the cycle to fetch additional data/instructions
* Carry out a calculation using the ALU
* Write data/instructions to memory
140
True or False: The PC and MAR hold the same address during the Fetch-Execute Cycle.
True
141
What needs to happen after the instruction is decoded and states to fetch data from memory?
The new address will be transferred to the MAR while the PC holds the next address to be fetched.
142
What is the role of the Control Unit (CU)?
Manages and coordinates the activities of the computer's components
## Footnote
The CU directs the operation of the processor and its interaction with other components.
143
What does the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) do?
Performs arithmetic and logical operations
## Footnote
The ALU is essential for executing instructions that involve calculations.
144
What are Registers used for?
Temporary storage for instructions and data
## Footnote
Registers hold data that is being processed by the CPU.
145
What is the function of the Memory Data Register (MDR)?
Holds data being transferred to or from memory
## Footnote
The MDR is crucial during read and write operations.
146
What does the Program Counter (PC) do?
Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed
## Footnote
The PC increments after each instruction is fetched.
147
What is the purpose of an Accumulator?
Stores intermediate results of calculations
## Footnote
The Accumulator is often used in arithmetic operations.
148
What are Input and Output (I/O) Devices?
Hardware used to interact with the computer
## Footnote
I/O devices include keyboards, mice, monitors, and printers.
149
What is Cache memory?
A small-sized type of volatile memory that provides high-speed data access
## Footnote
Cache memory temporarily stores frequently accessed data to speed up processing.
150
What is the function of the Memory Address Register (MAR)?
Holds the address of the memory location to be accessed
## Footnote
The MAR is used to specify where data will be read from or written to in memory.
151
What does the Von Neumann Architecture entail?
A computer architecture where both data and instructions are stored in memory
## Footnote
This architecture forms the basis for most modern computers.
152
Fill in the blank: During the ______ stage, the desired data/instruction is retrieved from the memory.
Fetch
## Footnote
The Fetch stage is a critical part of the Fetch-Execute cycle.
153
True or False: All computers use the Von Neumann architecture.
False
## Footnote
Some computers use alternative architectures such as Harvard architecture.
154
True or False: The cache stores the address of the data that needs to be retrieved from the memory.
False
## Footnote
Cache stores the data itself, not the address.
155
Which address will carry out a calculation in the ALU?
Address 1
## Footnote
Address 1 corresponds to the Add operation in the instruction set.
156
Which address will write data into the memory?
Address 4
## Footnote
Address 4 corresponds to the Store operation.
157
Which address will fetch additional information?
Address 2
## Footnote
Address 2 corresponds to the Load operation.
158
What is an embedded system?
An embedded system is one with a specific task and is built into another device.
159
Give examples of embedded systems.
* Smart microwave
* Washing machine
* Traffic light system
* Heartbeat monitor
* CNC machines
* Engine management systems
* Vehicle systems
160
What is the purpose of embedded systems?
To monitor and control various components inside the main device.
161
What is a general-purpose system?
A system that can be used for many different tasks.
162
List examples of general-purpose systems.
* Laptops
* Smartphones
* Tablets
* Computers
163
What are the characteristics of embedded systems?
* Specific tasks
* Built into another device
* Lower power consumption
* Smaller size
* Reliable for specific functions
164
True or False: Embedded systems are larger in size than general-purpose systems.
False
165
True or False: A basic lighting system in a house is an example of an embedded system.
True
166
True or False: Embedded systems are very expensive to manufacture.
False
167
Fill in the blank: Embedded systems are programmed beforehand, and the software usually cannot be _______.
updated
168
What are some benefits of software that cannot be updated in embedded systems?
* Improve reliability
* No maintenance downtime
169
Why are embedded systems used instead of general-purpose systems?
* Cheaper to produce
* Lower power consumption
* Smaller size
* More reliable for specific tasks
170
Is a basic electric kettle an embedded system? Explain your answer.
No, it only contains an electrical circuit without any embedded systems.
171
What are the main components of the CPU?
* Control Unit (CU)
* Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
* Registers
* Cache
* Clock
* Data buses
## Footnote
These components work together to perform various functions within the CPU.
172
What are the three tasks performed by the Control Unit (CU)?
* Controls the way data moves around the CPU
* Monitors the flow of data between the CPU and other hardware components
* Executes the instructions provided by the program
## Footnote
The CU is essential for managing data processing and communication within the computer.
173
What functions does the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) perform?
* Handles data processing inside the CPU
* Performs standard arithmetic operations (e.g., addition, subtraction)
* Deals with logic and comparisons (e.g., value comparisons)
## Footnote
The ALU is crucial for performing calculations and logical operations.
174
What is a register?
A type of temporary memory located inside the CPU
## Footnote
Registers are faster than RAM for data access, speeding up processing time.
175
What is the purpose of the cache in a CPU?
A type of temporary memory that is faster to access than RAM but slower than registers
## Footnote
There can be both internal and external caches to optimize processing efficiency.
176
What is the role of the clock in a CPU?
A tiny quartz crystal that ticks at a steady speed to process instructions
## Footnote
A typical clock speed is around 3GHz, allowing the CPU to process three billion instructions per second.
177
What is a bus in the context of a CPU?
A set of wires or tracks on a printed circuit board that carries data around the system
## Footnote
Buses are essential for communication between the CPU and other components.
178
What are the three types of buses mentioned?
* Data bus
* Address bus
* Control bus
## Footnote
Each bus serves a specific function in data transfer and communication.
179
True or False: The CPU controls computer hardware components such as the hard disk and input/output devices.
True
## Footnote
The CPU has a role in managing various hardware components in the computer system.
180
What are the main functions of the CPU?
* Fetches instructions from memory (RAM)
* Decodes those instructions
* Executes the instructions
## Footnote
The CPU processes data and performs operations as directed by programs.
181
Fill in the blank: The CPU is an electronic chip called a _______.
[microprocessor]
## Footnote
The microprocessor is the core component that executes instructions.
182
Where is the CPU located?
On the Motherboard
## Footnote
The motherboard serves as the main circuit board connecting all components of the computer.
183
What should students be able to do by the end of the lesson regarding the CPU?
* Understand the role of the CPU
* Name the main components of a CPU
* Describe the role of the CPU components
## Footnote
These objectives ensure a comprehensive understanding of CPU functionality.
184
What is primary storage?
The computer's main memory that holds data and instructions which the processor needs to access.
## Footnote
Includes RAM, ROM, Registers, and Cache.
185
What are the main types of storage?
* Primary Storage
* Secondary Storage
* Tertiary Storage
186
What is the purpose of RAM?
Temporarily stores data and instructions currently being used by the processor.
## Footnote
RAM is volatile, meaning the contents are lost when the computer shuts down.
187
What is the purpose of ROM?
Permanently stores data and instructions and cannot have additional data written to it.
## Footnote
ROM is non-volatile, meaning that the data is retained when power is lost.
188
How does Virtual Memory work?
A section of the hard disk is used to store copies of the data, freeing up space in the memory for a different program.
189
What does it mean that RAM is volatile?
The contents are lost when the computer shuts down.
190
What is a key characteristic of ROM?
Data cannot be erased and is permanently stored.
191
What is the function of the Basic Input Output System (BIOS)?
Carries out a hardware check and activates the bootstrap program to load the operating system.
192
What happens when the memory is full?
Virtual Memory is used to store data temporarily.
193
Fill in the blank: RAM is used for _______ storage of data and instructions.
temporary
194
Fill in the blank: ROM is used for _______ storage of data which can only be accessed.
permanent
195
True or False: Virtual memory is in the cloud because it’s virtual.
False
196
True or False: Virtual memory can store an unlimited amount of data.
False
197
True or False: RAM stands for Read-Any Memory.
False
198
True or False: ROM stands for Random Object Memory.
False
199
What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
* RAM: Volatile, temporary storage for currently used data
* ROM: Non-volatile, permanent storage for essential instructions
200
What is 'swapping' in the context of Virtual Memory?
The process of transferring data back into RAM from Virtual Memory.
201
What does the CPU do with data and instructions stored in memory?
Accesses them to perform operations and processes.
202
What is a characteristic of primary storage compared to secondary storage?
Primary storage has higher access speeds.
203
Fill in the blank: The size of the box in Virtual Memory represents how much _______ the software uses.
RAM
204
What happens to a program when the computer runs out of RAM?
It may be moved to Virtual Memory to free up space.
205
Where is ROM typically located?
On the motherboard and is soldered in place.
206
What does the MDR (Memory Data Register) do?
Holds the data/instruction that has been fetched into memory
## Footnote
The MDR is crucial for the temporary storage of data being processed.
207
What is the function of the MAR (Memory Address Register)?
Holds the address of the memory location
## Footnote
The MAR is essential for locating the data or instruction in memory.
208
What does the PC (Program Counter) hold?
Holds the address of the memory location for the next instruction, increments by 1 during each cycle
## Footnote
The PC ensures the CPU executes instructions in the correct sequence.
209
What is the role of the CU (Control Unit)?
Sends signals to control the flow of data
## Footnote
The CU orchestrates the operations of the CPU by directing the other components.
210
What operations does the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) perform?
Performs all Arithmetic and Logical Operations
## Footnote
The ALU is responsible for executing mathematical calculations and logical comparisons.
211
What is Pseudocode?
Pseudocode is a simple way to describe the steps in a computer program using plain English. It helps programmers plan what the program will do before writing the actual code.
## Footnote
Pseudocode is not actual code and does not follow the syntax of any programming language.
212
Define Operator in programming.
An operator is a symbol or word that performs an action on values, like adding numbers (+), comparing them (==), or assigning values (=) in a program.
## Footnote
Operators are fundamental in performing calculations and logical operations.
213
What is a Variable?
A variable is a storage location in a program that holds data, such as a number or text, which can change while the program runs.
## Footnote
Variables are essential for storing information that can be manipulated during program execution.
214
What is Iteration?
Iteration is when a set of instructions is repeated in a program, usually using loops like 'for' or 'while'.
## Footnote
Iteration allows for efficient execution of repetitive tasks.
215
Define Function in programming.
A function is a block of code that does a specific job. It can be used many times in a program and can take inputs and return an output.
## Footnote
Functions promote code reusability and organization.
216
What is an Algorithm?
An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions used to solve a problem or complete a task in a program.
## Footnote
Algorithms are fundamental in computer science for problem-solving.
217
Define Sequencing in programming.
Sequencing means putting the steps in a program in the correct order so the computer carries them out properly.
## Footnote
Proper sequencing is crucial for the logical flow of a program.
218
What is the primary focus of Pseudocode?
To teach ICT concepts in a simplified manner
## Footnote
Pseudocode is used for outlining algorithms without the complexities of programming syntax.
219
What is the significance of Flow charts in computational thinking?
They provide a visual representation of processes and algorithms
## Footnote
Flow charts help in understanding the sequence of operations and decision points.
220
Fill in the blank: Flow charts are a tool for _______ thinking.
computational
## Footnote
Computational thinking involves problem-solving and algorithmic reasoning.
221
True or False: Flow charts only represent linear processes.
False
## Footnote
Flow charts can represent both linear and non-linear processes, including branching and looping.
222
What are the components commonly found in Flow charts?
* Start/End symbols
* Process steps
* Decision points
* Arrows indicating flow
## Footnote
These components help in mapping out the logic and sequence of operations in a process.
223
What is the purpose of teaching Pseudocode in ICT?
To help students understand algorithm design and logic without programming syntax
## Footnote
Pseudocode serves as a bridge between natural language and programming languages.
224
Fill in the blank: Pseudocode is often used to describe _______ in a simplified manner.
algorithms
## Footnote
Algorithms can be complex and Pseudocode helps break them down into understandable steps.
225
What do Flow charts help to visualize?
Processes and decision-making paths
## Footnote
Visualization aids in comprehending complex workflows and identifying inefficiencies.
226
227
What is a flowchart?
A flowchart is a diagram that shows the breakdown of a task or system into all of the necessary steps.
228
What does the Terminator shape in a flowchart represent?
The start or end of the algorithm.
229
What does the Process or Action shape in a flowchart indicate?
Something is being carried out.
230
What type of output does the Decision shape in a flowchart have?
There are always two outputs, such as yes or no.
231
What does the Data shape in a flowchart signify?
An input or an output.
232
What is represented by the Document shape in a flowchart?
A document is being used.
233
What does the Delay shape in a flowchart indicate?
Need to wait a certain time before carrying on.
234
What does the Pre-defined process shape point to in a flowchart?
An algorithm that has already been defined somewhere else.
235
What does the Flow arrow indicate in a flowchart?
The direction of the flow.
236
What is the first step in the worked example of a flowchart for shopping?
Enter the cost of each item.
237
How do you keep track of the number of items entered in the shopping example?
Increment the item counter by 1.
238
What is the formula to calculate the average cost in the shopping flowchart example?
Divide the total cost by the number of items.
239
What does the item_count variable represent in the shopping flowchart?
How many items have been bought.
240
What does the total_cost variable represent in the shopping flowchart?
The total cost of all items.
241
What is a major advantage of using flowcharts?
They clearly show which decisions have to be made along with inputs and outputs.
242
What is a disadvantage of flowcharts?
Drawing the shapes tidily and lined up can be time-consuming.
243
True or False: Flowcharts are useful for very complicated algorithms.
False.
244
Fill in the blank: Flowcharts are an excellent tool to see the _______ of the algorithm.
flow
245
What shape is used for displaying results in a flowchart?
A parallelogram-shaped data box.
246
What shape is used for actions in a flowchart?
A square-shaped process box.
247
Terminator
the start or end of the algorithm
248
Process or Action
something is being carried out
249
Decision
there are always two outputs, yes no for example
250
Data
an input or an output
251
Document
a document is being used
252
Delay
need to wait a certain time before carrying on
253
Pre-defined process
this points to an algorithm that has already been defined somewhere else.
254
Flow
the arrow indicates the direction
