Health Revision Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
What is first aid?
A
Providing initial care for the ill or injured
2
Q
What is the initial concern when providing first aid?
A
Making an emergency scene safe
3
Q
List the order of priority in first aid.
A
- Yourself
- Bystanders
- The casualty
4
Q
When should dangerous situations be left to specialists?
A
When they require knowledge and equipment to handle
5
Q
What are common causes of allergic reactions to bites and stings?
A
- Bees
- Wasps
- Jumping jacks
6
Q
What is anaphylaxis?
A
A severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening
7
Q
What do allergic reactions to bites or stings involve?
A
Inflammatory reactions in the body
8
Q
What are the symptoms of a bite or sting?
A
- Redness
- Pain
- Swelling
- Severe allergic reactions
9
Q
What are the causes of burns?
A
- Flames
- UV radiation
- Hot liquids
- Electricity
- Chemicals
10
Q
What are the three types of burns?
A
- Superficial
- Partial thickness
- Full thickness
11
Q
What is the first aid treatment for burns?
A
- Pain relief
- Cool shower
- Intravenous fluids
- Intensive monitoring
- Wound dressing
12
Q
What is a sprain?
A
An injury involving tearing of ligaments or joint capsule
13
Q
What are common sites for sprains?
A
- Thumb
- Ankle
- Knee
14
Q
What are the symptoms of a sprain?
A
- Pain
- Swelling
- Stiffness
- Reduced function
15
Q
What are the different types of bone fractures?
A
- Closed (simple)
- Open (compound)
- Greenstick
- Hairline
- Complicated
- Comminuted
- Avulsion
- Compression
16
Q
What does RICER stand for in first aid?
A
- Rest
- Ice
- Compression
- Elevation
- Referral
17
Q
What is the first step in CPR?
A
Assessing danger at the scene
18
Q
What should you check for in response during CPR?
A
If the individual is conscious
19
Q
What is the acronym for checking response in CPR?
A
- Can you hear me
- Open your eyes
- What’s your name
- Squeeze my hand
20
Q
What should you do if there is no response from the individual?
A
Send for help by asking bystanders to call 000
21
Q
What should you check for in the airway during CPR?
A
Clear of blockages such as vomit or food
22
Q
How long should you check for normal breathing?
A
At least 10 seconds
23
Q
What is the recovery position?
A
A position to keep airways clear and prevent choking
24
Q
What is the compression to rescue breaths ratio in CPR?
A
30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths
25
What should you do if you are uncomfortable providing rescue breaths?
Provide compressions only
26
What is the last step in CPR?
Defibrillation using an AED
27
What does AED stand for?
Automated External Defibrillator
28
What does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), blood, pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit
## Footnote
The pulmonary circuit is the blood flow between the heart and lungs, while the systemic circuit is the blood flow between the heart and the body.
29
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
* Circulates blood to all parts of the body
* Transports water, oxygen, and nutrients to cells
* Transports wastes, including carbon dioxide, away from cells
* Helps maintain correct body temperature
* Helps fight disease through white blood cells and antibodies
30
What are the three types of blood vessels?
* Arteries
* Veins
* Capillaries
## Footnote
Arterioles are small arteries and venules are small veins.
31
What is the function of capillaries?
Site of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body
32
What is the Aorta?
Main artery of the body, delivers blood from the left ventricle of the heart
33
What factors affect heart rate?
* Air temperature
* Body position
* Emotions
* Body size
* Medication use
34
What do the coronary arteries do?
Carry blood to the heart, supplying it with oxygen and nutrients
35
What happens to capillaries when a person starts to exercise?
They expand or dilate, a process known as vasodilation
36
How does blood return to the heart in the veins?
Assisted by the action of the skeletal-muscle pump and the presence of one-way valves
37
What role do valves play in returning blood to the heart?
Help by opening when blood flows toward the heart and closing to prevent backflow
38
What is systemic circulation?
Blood from the heart is circulated into the arteries around the body and back to the heart
39
What is pulmonary circulation?
Blood from the heart is circulated to the lungs and back to the heart
40
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle to the body with each heartbeat
41
What is cardiac output?
The total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated as Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
42
What is the normal resting heart rate for adults?
Between 60 and 100 beats per minute
43
What is the normal respiration rate for an adult at rest?
12 to 20 breaths per minute
44
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Supplies oxygen to the body and expels carbon dioxide
45
What is the main organ of the respiratory system?
Lungs
46
What is the function of alveoli?
Responsible for the transfusion of oxygen to blood and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
47
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
Regulates pressure for air movement in and out of the body
48
Where do air and food travel through in the respiratory system?
Pharynx (throat)
49
What does the epiglottis do?
Directs food and air to their correct destinations
50
Fill in the blank: The _______ is known as the voice box.
Larynx
51
Where can you find the alveoli and what are their functions?
In the lungs; responsible for gas exchange
52
Explain the relationship between respiratory rate & heart rate.
As physical activity increases, both respiratory rate and heart rate increase to meet the body's oxygen demands
53
What is the total number of bones in the skeletal system?
206 bones
54
What are the main functions of the skeletal system? List them.
* Facilitates movement
* Protection of internal organs
* Supports the body
* Red blood cell production
* Mineral storage
55
What is the shape of long bones?
Long thin shape
56
What role do long bones play in movement?
Work as levers with the help of muscles
57
Give two examples of long bones.
* Humerus
* Femur
58
What is the shape of short bones?
Squat, cubed shape
59
Give two examples of short bones.
* Bones of the wrists
* Bones of the ankles
60
What is the shape of flat bones?
Flattened, broad surface
61
Give two examples of flat bones.
* Ribs
* Scapula
62
What characterizes irregular bones?
Shape that does not conform to the above three types
63
Give an example of an irregular bone.
Bones of the spine (vertebrae)
64
What are sesamoid bones?
Small bones commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces
65
What is the primary role of the vertebral column?
Protecting the spinal cord
66
How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column and what are the types?
* 7 Cervical
* 12 Thoracic
* 5 Lumbar
* 5 Sacral (fused)
* 4 Coccyx (fused)
67
What is the axial skeleton?
Made up of bones in the head, neck, back, and chest
68
What are the major bones included in the axial skeleton?
* Cranium
* Sternum
* Rib cage
* Vertebral column
69
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Comprised of the upper and lower extremities, everything that isn’t part of the axial skeleton
70
List the bones included in the appendicular skeleton.
* Humerus
* Radius
* Ulna
* Femur
* Tibia
* Fibula
* Pelvis
* Scapula
* Clavicle
71
What are the three classifications of joints?
* Fibrous (immovable)
* Cartilaginous (semi-moveable)
* Synovial (freely moveable)
72
What are fibrous joints characterized by?
Joined by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity, immoveable
73
Give examples of fibrous joints.
* Cranium
* Pelvis
74
What defines cartilaginous joints?
Bones are entirely joined by cartilage
75
Give an example of a cartilaginous joint.
Connection between ribs and sternum
76
What are synovial joints known for?
Preventing friction between bones and allowing movement
77
What determines the extent of movement in synovial joints?
The type of synovial joint
78
List the types of synovial joints.
* Hinge joint
* Ball and socket joint
* Saddle joint
* Condyloid joint
* Pivot joint
* Gliding joint
79
What is the movement characteristic of hinge joints?
One bone moves while the other remains stationary
80
Give two examples of hinge joints.
* Elbow
* Knee
81
Describe the movement in ball and socket joints.
Allows the greatest range of movement
82
Give examples of ball and socket joints.
* Shoulder
* Hip joints
83
What allows saddle joints to have a large range of motion?
The bone structure resembles a saddle
84
Give an example of a saddle joint.
Thumb
85
What characterizes condyloid joints?
Oval-shaped end of one bone fitting into a similar shaped bone
86
What type of movement do pivot joints allow?
Rotational movement
87
Give an example of a pivot joint.
Atlas (C1) and axis (C2) of the cervical vertebrae
88
What defines gliding joints?
Two smooth surfaces that slide over one another
89
Give examples of where gliding joints are commonly found.
* Ankles
* Wrist
* Spine
90
What are the components of synovial joint structure?
* Hyaline cartilage
* Joint capsule
* Synovial membrane
* Synovial fluid
* Ligaments
91
What is the function of hyaline cartilage in synovial joints?
Lines and protects the bones, reduces friction
92
What does the joint capsule do?
Surrounds the joint and adds stability
93
What is the role of the synovial membrane?
Produces and secretes synovial fluid
94
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
Lubricates the inside of the joint
95
What is the function of ligaments in synovial joints?
Holds bones together and controls movement
96
What happens during flexion?
The angle between the bones decreases
97
What happens during extension?
The angle between the bones increases
98
What does abduction refer to?
Moving away from the midline of the body
99
What does adduction refer to?
Bringing towards the midline of the body
100
What is pronation?
Rotational movement of the forearm resulting in palms facing down
101
What is supination?
Rotational movement of the forearm resulting in palms facing up
102
What is plantar flexion?
Movement of the foot in a downwards motion away from the body
103
What is dorsiflexion?
Backwards bending and contracting movement towards your body
104
What does inversion refer to?
Tilting of the foot so that the sole faces into the midline of the body
105
What does eversion refer to?
Tilting of the foot so that the sole faces away from the midline of the body
106
What is rotation in the context of movement?
Movement around an axis
107
What is circumduction?
Movement where the limb moves in a circle
108
What is the main learning intention of the lesson on the muscular system?
To know the difference between involuntary and voluntary muscles and understand the different types of muscular contractions.
109
List three main functions of the muscular system.
* Mobility
* Stability
* Temperature regulation
110
What type of muscles allows movement by contracting?
Voluntary muscles
111
What are involuntary muscles?
Muscles that work automatically without conscious thought.
112
Give two examples of involuntary muscles.
* Heart beating
* Food moving through the digestive system
113
What type of muscular contraction shortens the muscle?
Isotonic concentric contraction
114
What is an example of an isotonic concentric contraction?
Bicep performing a curl up.
115
What is the difference between isotonic eccentric and isotonic concentric contractions?
Isotonic eccentric elongates the muscle, while isotonic concentric shortens it.
116
What is an isometric contraction?
A contraction that generates force without changing the length of the muscle.
117
Provide an example of an isometric contraction.
Plank position.
118
What are the three types of muscles in the muscular system?
* Skeletal
* Smooth
* Cardiac
119
What type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement?
Skeletal muscles
120
What is the role of agonist muscles?
Muscles responsible for causing a certain joint motion.
121
What is the role of antagonist muscles?
Muscles that produce the opposite movement of the agonist.
122
What are slow twitch muscle fibers best suited for?
Endurance (aerobic) activities.
123
List characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers.
* Contract slowly with less force
* Increased capacity to use oxygen
* High capillary density
* Don’t fatigue as easily
124
What two types of fast twitch muscle fibers exist?
* Fast twitch 2A
* Fast twitch 2B
125
What are fast twitch muscle fibers best suited for?
High intensity (anaerobic) strength and power activities.
126
What is the average percentage of muscle fibers determined by?
Genetic factors.
127
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the hardest working muscle in the body.
heart
128
What is the approximate percentage of total body weight that muscles make up?
40%
129
What is the role of stabilizer muscles?
Muscles that relax the joint being moved.
130
What is reciprocal inhibition?
The paired movement of muscles to produce movement.
131
What is the belly of a skeletal muscle?
The bulk of the muscle consisting of long fibers connected to bones.
132
What connects the belly of a muscle to the bone?
Tendon
133
Where are smooth muscles primarily found?
In the digestive system and walls of other organs.
134
What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?
Involuntary muscle.
135
What are the five dimensions of health and wellbeing?
* Physical Health
* Social Health
* Mental Health
* Emotional Health
* Spiritual Health
## Footnote
These dimensions encompass various aspects of an individual's health and wellbeing.
136
What is the old definition of health according to the World Health Organization?
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
## Footnote
This definition was established in 1946.
137
What is the new definition of health?
Health refers to the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental, and spiritual existence, characterized by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.
138
What does equilibrium refer to in the context of health?
A state of rest or balance.
139
Why is health and wellbeing considered dynamic?
Because it is constantly changing.
140
Why is health and wellbeing considered subjective?
It means different things to different people and is influenced by personal beliefs, feelings, or opinions.
141
How does a broken leg impact physical health?
It may require you to be in a cast which limits your physical capacity to perform daily tasks.
142
How does a broken leg impact social health?
It may limit interactions with friends and participation in social activities.
143
How does a broken leg impact mental health?
It may lead to feelings of frustration or helplessness due to restricted mobility.
144
How does a broken leg impact emotional health?
It may cause feelings of sadness or isolation due to inability to engage in activities.
145
What is the difference between mental and emotional health?
* Mental health relates to thinking and processing information.
* Emotional health relates to managing and expressing emotions.
146
How does spiritual health relate to a broken leg?
It may lead to questioning personal beliefs or values regarding health and recovery.
147
What is optimal health?
The highest level of health an individual can realistically attain.
148
How can optimal health be achieved?
By focusing on all five dimensions of health and wellbeing.
149
What are health status indicators?
Standard statistics used to measure and compare health status, such as life expectancy, mortality rates, and morbidity rates.
150
What does life expectancy refer to?
The number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
151
What is mortality?
The number of deaths in a population at a given time.
152
What does morbidity refer to?
Ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population.
153
What is incidence in terms of health data?
The number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period.
154
What is prevalence in health statistics?
The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
155
True or False: Morbidity rates have decreased as mortality rates have decreased.
False.
156
What trend is indicated regarding obesity over the past 20 years?
There has been a significant increase in obesity.
157
What are sociocultural factors?
Sociocultural factors are the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work, and age.
158
What resources does the family provide?
The family provides resources such as:
* Shelter
* Food
* Clothing
* Emotional support
* Educational opportunities
159
How does family influence health behaviours during youth?
Family influences health behaviours by:
* Encouraging involvement in physical activities
* Promoting regular consumption of nutritious foods
* Fostering strong close relationships that create a sense of belonging
160
How can the family group promote positive emotional health and wellbeing?
The family promotes positive emotional health by modeling appropriate emotional responses in different situations.
161
What is peer influence?
Peer influence is the social influence a peer group has on its members, where each member attempts to fit in with the expectations of the group.
162
How can peer groups positively influence physical health and wellbeing?
Peer groups can positively influence health by:
* Encouraging participation in sports
* Improving fitness levels
* Promoting physical health
163
How can peer groups negatively influence physical health and wellbeing?
Peer groups can negatively influence health by:
* Pressuring individuals into experimenting with drugs
* Encouraging alcohol and cigarette use
* Increasing risk of injury
164
What is socioeconomic status (SES)?
Socioeconomic status is the social standing of an individual in comparison to others in that society, based on education, income, and occupation.
165
What factors are associated with lower socioeconomic status?
Individuals with lower socioeconomic status usually have:
* Less access to financial resources
* Limited educational opportunities
* Fewer social and health resources
166
What role does education play in the health and wellbeing of young people?
Education provides opportunities to gain knowledge and skills, promotes relationships, and challenges young people, enhancing their social, emotional, and mental health.
167
What are some positive impacts of employment on health and wellbeing?
Positive impacts of employment include:
* Earning income
* Developing new skills
* Increased self-esteem and confidence
* Providing social interaction
* Giving a sense of purpose
168
What are some negative impacts of employment on health and wellbeing?
Negative impacts of employment can include:
* Risk of injury from physically demanding jobs
* Exposure to harmful conditions
* Unpleasant working environments affecting self-esteem
169
How does family income influence young people's health?
Family income determines:
* Type of neighbourhood
* Educational resources available
* Access to healthcare, food, and transport
170
Describe how employment could have a negative or positive influence on health and wellbeing.
Positive influence: Employment allows earning income and skill development. Negative influence: Poor workplace safety increases risk of accidents.
171
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients required by the body in large amounts, such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats.
172
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
To provide fuel for the body.
173
What is the preferred fuel for energy in the human body?
Glucose.
174
List three food sources of carbohydrates.
* Rice
* Bread
* Pasta
175
What is the main function of protein?
To build, maintain, and repair body cells.
176
List three food sources of protein.
* Beef
* Chicken
* Fish
177
What are the main functions of fats in the body?
* Act as a fuel for energy
* Protect organs and keep the body warm.
178
List three food sources of fats.
* Oil
* Avocado
* Cakes
179
What are the four types of fats?
* Saturated
* Monounsaturated
* Polyunsaturated
* Trans
180
True or False: Protein powders are a substitute for whole food protein sources like steak.
False.
181
What is the function of Vitamin A?
Important for normal vision, immune system, reproduction, growth, and development.
182
List three food sources of Vitamin A.
* Leafy green vegetables
* Sweet potatoes
* Carrots
183
What is the role of Vitamin B?
Ensures cells function properly, helps convert food energy, and create new blood cells.
184
List three food sources of Vitamin B.
* Meat
* Fish
* Eggs
185
What is the function of Vitamin C?
Helps form blood vessels, cartilage, muscle, and collagen in bones.
186
List three food sources of Vitamin C.
* Oranges
* Spinach
* Broccoli
187
What is the function of Vitamin D?
Helps absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus, important for bone health.
188
List three food sources of Vitamin D.
* Tuna
* Egg yolk
* Mushrooms
189
What are minerals?
Elements that bodies need to develop and function normally.
190
List five essential minerals for health.
* Calcium
* Iron
* Magnesium
* Zinc
* Iodine
191
What is the function of calcium?
Builds and maintains strong bones.
192
List three food sources of calcium.
* Milk
* Cheese
* Nuts
193
What is the role of iron in the body?
Forms part of hemoglobin, responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood.
194
List three food sources of iron.
* Red meat
* Chicken
* Fish
195
What are diet-related diseases?
Illnesses caused by deficiencies or excesses in a person's diet.
196
What are two examples of diet-related diseases?
* Obesity
* Type 2 Diabetes
197
What can lead to obesity?
Eating too much energy without adequate physical activity.
198
What is Type 2 Diabetes caused by?
Pancreas not functioning properly, leading to disturbed sugar levels.
199
What is cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as stroke and heart attack.
200
What can contribute to high cholesterol?
Excess consumption of saturated and trans fats.
201
What nutrients are required to produce red blood cells?
* Vitamin C
* Iron
202
What is the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE)?
A federal initiative providing nutrition advice to reduce nutritional imbalances.
203
What does the Healthy Eating Pyramid represent?
Foods from the five basic food groups arranged to indicate proportions for consumption.
